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ENGINEERING DRAWING
[PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY]
[IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD]
by
N. D. Bhatt
Revised and Enlarged by
V. M. Panchal
The book gives within its covers, more than 30 years’ rich teaching experience of the author, presented in a lucid manner and easy–to–follow style.

This text–book follows the first–angle method of orthographic projection. However, the third-angle projection method has not been completely ignored.

This edition has been entirely revised and enlarged by adding the following four chapters:

(1) Screw Threads
(2) Screwed Fastenings
(3) Riveted Joints and Welded Joints
(4) Computer Aided Drafting(CADr).

The topics of the subject are covered in 26 well-arranged chapters — therein it now contains:

* 1125
*   465
*   900
*     32
 Self–explanatory and neatly drawn diagrams
Worked examples (Problems)
Exercises at the end of chapters
Useful tables
The subject matter covers the syllabi in Engineering Drawing of all the Degree Courses in Engineering of all the Universities of India. It will be equally useful to the Diploma students of various Technical Institutions, I.T.I. students and also to the candidates reading for the A.M.I.E. and U.P.S.C. Examinations.
Price : Rs. 150-00 $ 10-00 £ 7-50
Edition : Forty Ninth Edition : 2008
ISBN : 81-85594-58-9
Book Size : 170 mm × 240 mm
Binding : Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages : 600 + 16 (front pages printed in two colours)
Next>>
CONTENTS

Chapter 1   : DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

Chapter 2   : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING

Chapter 3   : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

Chapter 4   : SCALES

Chapter 5   : GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

Chapter 6   : CURVES USED IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Chapter 7   : LOCI OF POINTS

Chapter 8   : ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Chapter 9   : PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

Chapter 10 : PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

Chapter 11 : PROJECTIONS ON AUXILIARY PLANES

Chapter 12 : PROJECTIONS OF PLANES

Chapter 13 : PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

Chapter 14 : SECTIONS OF SOLIDS

Chapter 15 : DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

Chapter 16 : INTERSECTION OF SURFACES

Chapter 17 : ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Chapter 18 : OBLIQUE PROJECTION

Chapter 19 : PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

Chapter 20 : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

Chapter 21 : CENTRES OF GRAVITY AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF AREAS

Chapter 22 : NOMOGRAPHY

Chapter 23 : SCREW THREADS

Chapter 24 : SCREWED FASTENINGS

Chapter 25 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS

Chapter 26 : COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CADr)
Next>>
DETAILED CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

1-0
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4		 Introduction
Drawing board
T-square
Set-squares
Drawing instrument box
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii) 		Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil and pen legs
Lengthening bar
Small bow compass
Large-size divider
Small bow divider
Small bow ink-pen
Inking pen
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
1-14
1-15		 Scales
Protractor
French curves
Drawing papers
Drawing pencils
Eraser (Rubber)
Drawing pins
Sand-paper block
Duster
Drafting machine
General suggestions for drawing a sheet
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)		 Cleaning the instruments
Pinning the paper to the drawing board
Border lines
To draw the border lines
Spacing of drawings
Exercises

Chapter 2 : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING

2-1 Sheet layout
  Sheet sizes
Margin
Border lines
Borders and frames
Orientation mark
Grid reference system
Title block
List of parts or the bill of materials
Revisions of drawing
Folding marks
Scales and scale drawing
2-2 Types of machine drawings
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)		 Production drawing
Exploded assembly drawing
Schematic assembly drawing
Drawing for instruction manual
Drawing for installation
Drawing for catalogue
Tabular drawing
Patent drawing
2-3 Sketching
Sketching materials
To sketch straight lines
To sketch circles and arcs
Sketching procedure
Exercises

Chapter 3 : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

3-0
3-1		 Introduction
Lines 
  Line thickness
Inked drawings
Pencil drawings
Types of Lines
Outlines
Margin lines
Dimension lines
Extension or projection lines
Construction lines
Hatching or section lines
Leader or pointer lines
Border lines
Short-break lines
Long-break lines
Hidden or dotted lines
Centre lines
Cutting-plane lines
Chain thick
Chain thick double-dashed
3-2 Lettering
I.
II.		 Single-stroke letters
Gothic letters
3-3 Dimensioning
Types of dimensions
3-4 Dimensioning terms and notations
Dimension line
Extension line
Arrowhead
Leader
3-5 Placing of dimensions
(i)
(ii) 		Aligned system
Unidirectional system
3-6
3-7
3-8		 Unit of dimensioning
General rules for dimensioning
Practical hints on dimensioning
(a)
(b)		 Continuous or chain dimensioning
Progressive or parallel dimensioning
Exercises

Chapter 4 : SCALES

4-0
4-1		 Introduction
Scales

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Engineer’s scale
Graphical scale
Representative fraction
4-2
4-3		 Scales on drawings
Types of scales
(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
 Plain scales
Diagonal scales
Principle of diagonal scale
Comparative scales
Vernier scales
Principle of vernier
Least count of a vernier
(i)
(ii)		 Forward vernier
Backward vernier
(v) Scale of chords
Exercises

Chapter 5 : GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

5-0
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8		 Introduction
Bisecting a line
To draw perpendiculars
To draw parallel lines
To divide a line
To bisect an angle
To trisect an angle
To find the centre of an arc
To construct equilateral triangles
(a)
(b) 		With T-square and set-square only
With the aid of a compass
5-9
5-10		 To construct squares
To construct regular polygons
(a)
(b) 		Inscribe circle method
Arc method
Alternative method
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14		 Special methods of drawing regular polygons
Regular polygons inscribed in circles
To draw regular figures using T-square and set-squares
To draw tangents
(a)
(b) 		External tangents
Internal tangents
5-15
5-16
5-17		 Lengths of arcs
Circles and lines in contact
Inscribed circles
Exercises

Chapter 6 : CURVES USED IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

6-0
6-1
6-1-1		 Introduction
Conic sections
Ellipse
(a)
(b) 		General method of construction of an ellipse
Construction of ellipse by other methods
Normal and tangent to an ellipse
6-1-2 Parabola
(a)
(b) 		General method of construction of a parabola
Construction of parabola by other methods
6-1-3 Hyperbola
Rectangular hyperbola
General method of construction of a hyperbola
6-1-4 Tangents and normals to conics
(a)
(b) 		General method
Other methods of drawing tangents to conics
6-2
6-2-1		 Cycloidal curves
Cycloid
Normal and tangent to a cycloid curve
6-2-2
6-2-3		 Trochoid
Epicycloid and hypocycloid
Normal and tangent to an epicycloid and a hypocycloid
6-2-4
6-2-5
6-3		 Epitrochoid
Hypotrochoid
Involute
Normal and tangent to an involute
6-4
6-5
6-5-1		 Evolutes
Spirals
Archemedian spiral
Normal and tangent to an Archemedian spiral
6-5-2
6-6
6-6-1
6-6-2		 Logarithmic or equiangular piral
Helix
A method of drawing a helical curve
Helical springs
(a)
(b) 		Helical spring of a wire of square cross-section
Helical spring of a wire of circular cross-section
6-6-3
6-6-4
6-7		 Screw threads
Helix upon a cone
Cam
Exercises
Miscellaneous problems

Chapter 7 : LOCI OF POINTS

7-0
7-1
7-2
7-2-1
7-2-2		 Introduction
Loci of points
Simple mechanisms
The slider-crank mechanism
A four-bar mechanism
Exercises

Chapter 8 : ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

8-0
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8

8-9

 Introduction
Principle of projection
Methods of projection
Orthographic projection
Planes of projection
Four quadrants
First-angle projection
Third-angle projection
Reference line
Symbols for methods of projection
B.I.S. code of practice
Conventions employed
Exercises

Chapter 9 : PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

9-0
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5		 Introduction
A point is situated in the first quadrant
A point is situated in the second quadrant
A point is situated in the third quadrant
A point is situated in the fourth quadrant
General conclusions
Exercises

Chapter 10 : PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

10-0
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4

10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12

 Introduction
Line parallel to one or both the planes
Line contained by one or both the planes
Line perpendicular to one of the planes
Line inclined to one plane and parallel to the other
Exercises X (a)
Line inclined to both the planes
Projections of lines inclined to both the planes
Line contained by a plane perpendicular to both the reference planes
True length of a straight line and its inclinations with the reference planes
Traces of a line
Methods of determining traces of a line
Traces of a line, the projections of which are perpendicular to xy
Positions of traces of a line
Additional Illustrative Problems
Exercises X (b)

Chapter 11 : PROJECTIONS ON AUXILIARY PLANES

11-0
11-1
11-2		 Introduction
Types of auxiliary planes and views
Projection of a point on an auxiliary plane
(a)
(b)
(c) 		Projection of a point on an auxiliary vertical plane
Projection of a point on an auxiliary inclined plane
Projection of a point on an auxiliary plane perpendicular
to both the principal planes
General conclusions
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-6		 Projections of lines and planes by the use of auxiliary planes
To determine true length of a line
To obtain point-view of a line and edge-view of a plane
To determine true shape of a plane figure
Exercises

Chapter 12 : PROJECTIONS OF PLANES

12-0
12-1		 Introduction
Types of planes
I. Perpendicular planes
(i)
(ii)
(iii) 		Perpendicular to both the reference planes
Perpendicular to one plane and parallel to the other plane
Perpendicular to one plane and inclined to the other plane
II.  Oblique planes
12-2
12-3		 Traces of planes
General conclusions
I.
II. 		Traces
Projections
12-4 Projections of planes parallel to one of the reference planes
(a)
(b) 		When the plane is parallel to the H.P.
When the plane is parallel to the V.P.
12-5
12-6		 Projections of planes inclined to one reference plane and perpendicular to the other
Projections of oblique planes
Exercises

Chapter 13 : PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

13-0
13-1		 Introduction
Types of solids
(i)
(ii)

 

 Polyhedra
Solids of revolution
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) 		Cylinder
Cone
Sphere
Frustum
Truncated
13-2 Projections of solids in simple positions
(a)
(b)
(c)		 Axis perpendicular to the H.P.
Axis perpendicular to the V.P.
Axis parallel to both the H.P. and the V.P.
Exercises XIII (i)
13-3 Projections of solids with axes inclined to one of the reference planes
and parallel to the other
I.
II. 		Alteration of position
Alteration of reference line or auxiliary plane
(a)
(b) 		Axis inclined to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P.
Axis inclined to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P.
13-4
13-5		 Projections of solids with axes inclined to both the H.P. and the V.P.
Projections of spheres
(a)
(b)		 Spheres in contact with each other
Unequal spheres
Exercises XIII (ii)

Chapter 14 : SECTIONS OF SOLIDS

14-0 Introduction
(a)
(b)
(c)		 Section planes
Sections
True shape of a section
14-1 Sections of prisms
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 		Section plane parallel to the V.P.
Section plane parallel to the H.P.
Section plane perpendi-cular to the H.P. and inclined to the V.P.
Section plane perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to the H.P.
Additional problems on sections of prisms
14-2 Sections of pyramids
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 		Section plane parallel to the base of the pyramid
Section plane parallel to the V.P.
Section plane perpendi-cular to the V.P. and nclined to the H.P.
Section plane perpendi-cular to the H.P. and nclined to the V.P.
Additional problems on sections of pyramids
14-3 Sections of cylinders
(a)
(b)
(c)		 Section plane parallel to the base
Section plane parallel to the axis
Section plane inclined to the base
Additional problems on sections of cylinders
14-4 Sections of cones
(a)
(b)
(c)		 Section plane parallel to the base of the cone
Section plane passing through the apex of the cone
Section plane inclined to the base of the cone at an angle smaller than the angle of inclination of the generators with the base
(1)
(2)		 Generator method
Circle method
(d)
(e) 		Section plane parallel to a generator of the cone
Section plane inclined to the base of the cone at angle greater than the angle of inclination of the generators with the base
Additional problems on sections of cones
14-5 Sections of spheres
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)		 Section plane parallel to the H.P.
Section plane parallel to the V.P.
Section plane perpendi-cular to the V.P. and inclined to the H.P.
Section plane perpendi-cular to the H.P. and inclined to the V.P.
Typical problems
Exercises

Chapter 15 : DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

15-0
15-1
15-2
15-2-1
15-2-2
15-2-3
15-2-4		 Introduction
Methods of development
Developments of lateral surfaces of right solids
Cube
Prisms
Cylinders
Pyramids
Method of drawing the development of the lateral surface of a pyramid
15-2-5
15-3
15-4		 Cone
Development of transition pieces
Spheres
(i)
(ii)		 Zone method
Lune method
Exercises

Chapter 16 : INTERSECTION OF SURFACES

16-0
16-1
16-2		 Introduction
Line of intersection
Methods of determining the line of intersection between surfaces of
two interpenetrating solids
(1)
(2) 		Line method
Cutting-plane method
16-3
16-4		 Intersection of two prisms
Intersection of cylinder and cylinder
(a)
(b) 		Line method
Cutting-plane method
16-5
16-6		 Intersection of cylinder and prism
Intersection of cone and cylinder
(a)
(b) 		Cutting-plane method
Line method
16-7
16-8
16-9		 Intersection of cone and prism
Intersection of cone and cone
Intersection of sphere and cylinder or prism
Exercises

Chapter 17 : ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

17-0
17-1
17-2
17-3
17-4
17-5
17-5-1		 Introduction
Isometric axes, lines and planes
Isometric scale
Isometric drawing or isometric view
Isometric graph
Illustrative problems
Isometric drawing of  planes or plane figures
I.
II.		 Method of points
Four-centre method
17-5-2 Isometric drawing of prisms and pyramids
Methods of drawing non-isometric lines
(i)
(ii) 		Box method
Offset method
17-5-3
17-5-4
17-5-5
17-6		 Isometric drawing of cylinders
Isometric drawing of cones
Isometric drawing of sphere
Typical problems
Exercises

Chapter 18 : OBLIQUE PROJECTION

18-0
18-1
18-2
18-3
18-4		 Introduction
Principle of the oblique projection
The oblique projection and the isometric projection
Receding lines and receding angles
Types of the oblique projection
(i)
(ii) 		Cavalier projection
Cabinet projection
18-5
18-6		 Rules for the choice of position of an object
Steps for drawing the oblique projection
Exercises

Chapter 19 : PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

19-0
19-1
19-2		 Introduction
Principle of perspective projection
Definitions of perspective elements

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

Ground plane
Station point
Picture plane
Horizontal plane
Auxiliary ground plane
Ground line
Horizon line
Perpendicular axis
Centre of vision
Central plane
19-3
19-4
19-5		 Station point
Picture plane
Methods of drawing perspective view
I. Visual-ray method
Steps in drawing the perspective view of the point A
Alternative method
II. Vanishing-point method
Vanishing points
19-6
19-7
19-8
19-9		 Distance points
Parallel perspectives
Measuring line or line of heights
Perspectives of circles and solids
Typical problems
Exercises

Chapter 20 : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW

20-0 Introduction
(i)
(ii) 		First-angle projection method
Third-angle projection method
20-1
20-2
20-3		 Orthographic projection
Procedure for preparing a scale-drawing
Illustrative problems
Exercises
Solutions to exercises 

Chapter 21 : CENTRES OF GRAVITY AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF AREAS

21-0
21-1
21-1-1
21-1-2
21-1-3
21-2		 Introduction
Centre of gravity
Centres of gravity of symmetrical areas
Centres of gravity of unsymmetrical areas
Illustrative problems on centre of gravity
Moments of inertia of areas
(i)
(ii)
(iii) 		Definition,
Unit
Graphical method
21-2-1 Illustrative problems on moments of inertia
Exercises

Chapter 22 : NOMOGRAPHY

22-0
22-1
22-2		 Introduction
Types of nomographs
Definitions of various terms
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi) 		Constant,
Variable
Scales
Function
Functional modulus
Scale modulus
22-3
22-3-1
22-4
22-5		 Principle of construction of nomographs of three variables
Method of constructing parallel scale nomographs
Layout of nomographs
Z-type nomographs
Exercises

Chapter 23 : SCREW THREADS

23-0
23-1		 Introduction
Definitions
  Crest
Root
Flank
Angle
Depth
Nominal diameter
Outside or major diameter
Core or minor diameter
Effective diameter
Pitch
Lead
23-2
23-2-1		 Forms of screw threads
Triangular or V threads
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) 		Unified thread
Metric thread
Whitworth thread
British Standard Fine and British Standard Pipe threads
Sellers thread
British Association thread
23-2-2 Square thread
(a)
(b)
(c) 		Acmethread IS : 7008-1988
Knuckle thread
Buttress thread
23-3 Conventional representation of threads SP : 46-1988
(a)
(b)  		External threads
Internal threads
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 		External V thread
Internal V thread
External square thread
Internal square thread
23-4
23-5		 Multiple-start threads
Right-hand and left-hand threads
Exercises

Chapter 24 : SCREWED FASTENINGS

24-0
24-1
24-1-1
24-1-2
24-2		 Introduction
Types of nuts
Hexagonal nut
Square nut
Types of nuts for special purpose
  Flanged nut
Cap nut
Dome nut
Cylindrical or capstan nut
Ring nut
Wing nut
24-3
24-4
24-5

24-6

 Washers
Types of bolts
Forms of bolts
Hexagonal-headed bolt
Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a nut on or off it
  Square-headed bolt
Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt
Cup-headed or round-headed bolt
T-headed bolt
Countersunk-headed bolt
Hook bolt
Headless tapered bolt
Eye-bolt
Lifting eye-bolt
Tap-bolt or cap-screw
Stud-bolt or stud
24-7
24-8		 Set-screws
Locking arrangements for nuts
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix) 		Lock-nut or check-nut
Split-pin
Slotted nut
Castle nut
Sawn nut or Wiles nut
Simmond's lock-nut
Penn, ring or grooved nut
Stop-plate or locking-plate
Spring-washer
24-9 Foundation bolts
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)		 Eye foundation bolt
Rag bolt
Lewis bolt
Cotter bolt
24-10
24-11		 Spanner
Longitudinal or bar stay
Exercises

Chapter 25 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS

25-0
25-1
25-1-1
25-2
25-3
25-4
25-5
25-5-1
25-5-2
25-6
25-6-1
25-6-2
25-7
25-7-1
25-7-2		 Introduction
Riveting
Caulking and fullering
Forms and proportions of rivet-heads
Failure of riveted joints
Dimensions of a riveted joint
Types of riveted joints
Lap joint
Butt joint
Rolled-steel sections
Connection of plates at right angles
Gusset stay
Welded joints
Welding
Types of welding process
(i)
(ii)
(iii)		 Pressure welding or forge welding
Fusion welding
Fusion and pressure welding
Types of welded joints
Types of welds
25-7-3 Representation of welded joints
Exercises

Chapter 26 : COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CADr)

26-1
26-2		 Introduction
Reasons for implementing a CAD system
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) 		Increases the productivity of the designer
Improves the quality of design
Improvescommunication
Create data base for manufacturing
Improves the efficiency of design
26-3 Application of cad
(1)
(2)		 Automated drafting
Geometric modelling
26-4
26-4-1
26-5		 Benefits of CAD
Limitations of CAD
Hardware of CAD system
(a)
(b)
(c)		 Central processing unit Functions of CPU
Secondary memory
Workstation

(i)

(ii)

 Graphic display terminal
Raster scan display technique
Input unit
(1) Alphanumeric keyboard
(2) Digitizer
(3) Cursor control devices
  (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) 		Joystick
Tracking ball
Mouse
Light pen
Thumb wheels
(iii) Output devices
26-6
26-7
26-7-1
26-7-2		 CAD Softwares
AutoCAD
AutoCAD—Introduction
Layout and sketching
(a) Units
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) 		Decimal
Engineering
Architectural
Fractional
Scientific
(b) Angles
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) 		Decimal Degrees
Deg/Min/Sec
Grades
Radians
Suryeor
(c) Angle measure
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) 		East
North
West
South
Other
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g) 		Angle direction
Area
Title block
Layout
26-7-3
26-7-4		 Drawing environment
Elements of drawing
(A) Line
(1)
(2)
(3)		 Line
Pline
Linetype
(B) Curves
(i)
(ii)		 Circle
Ellipse
  Axis endpoint
Arc
Center
Isocircle
(iii) Arc
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(I)
(J) 		Drawing of rectangle
Drawing of polygon
Point
Erasing of object
Colouring of object
Filling of object
Scaling of drawing
Text
Proxy fonts
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
 Mtext
Dtext
Text
Qtext
(K) Creating usermade objects
Objects
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)		 Block
Wblock
Rename
Insert
(L) Transformations
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)		 Move
Copy
Rotate
Stretch
Extend
Scale
Trace
Extrude
Fill
Lengthen
Mirror
Offset
Array
Align
(M)
(N) 		Change
Cutting of objects
(1)
(2)		 Trim
Break
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
Dimensioning in drawings
Area
Layer
Fillet
Co-ordinate System
Explode
Union
Dist
Regeneration of drawing
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)		 Redraw
Regen
Regenall
Regenauto
(X)
(Y)
(Z) 		Tolerance
Sketch
Ray  
26-8 Types of projections
(1)
(2)
 Orthographic projections
Isometric projection
(i)
(ii)		 Snap
Isoplane
(3)
(4)		 Oblique projection
Perspective projection
26-9 Geometric modelling
(1) Wireframe modelling
  (i)
(ii)		 3D polygon mesh objects
3D mesh
(2) Surface modelling
  (1)
(2)		 Pface
Edge
(3) Solid Modelling
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
 Box
Cone
Cylinder
Sphere
Torus
Wedge
26-9-1

 

 Other 3D functions
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17) 		Elev
Hide
Plan
Region
Reinit
Render
Renderunload
Replay
Revolve
Revsurf
Rotate3D
Section
Shade
Shape
Slice
Shell
Quit
Exercises