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MACHINE DRAWING
[IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD]
by
N. D. Bhatt
Revised and Enlarged by
V. M. Panchal

This text-book follows

(i)  the metric system of length measurement and
(ii) first-angle method of orthographic projection.

However, the third-angle projection method has not been completely ignored.

This edition is thoroughly revised and enlarged by adding substantial new material, numerous figures and also new worked-out examples.

It describes in an easy-to-follow style and with application of the principles of orthographic projection, forms, proportions and uses of simple machine, engine and boiler parts. Chapters on elements of production drawings, assembly drawings and elements of computer aided drafting (CADr) are also given.

The techniques of freehand sketching, dimensioning, conversion of pictorial views, sectional views and interpretation of views are treated in clear and simple manner. Most of the orthographic views are accompanied by the pictorial views of the objects to enable the students to visualize the shapes easily.
The book covers the syllabi of Machine Drawing to meet the requirements of Engineering Degree students of all the Indian Universities as well as Diploma courses in various branches of Engineering conducted by the Department of Technical Education, for I.T.I. students and also to the candidates reading for the A.M.I.E. and U.P.S.C. Examination.
Price : Rs. 105-00 $ 7-50 £ 5-00
Edition : Forty Thrid Edition : 2008
ISBN : 978-81-85594-84-2
Book Size : 170 mm × 240 mm
Binding : Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages : 350 + 16
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CONTENT


Chapter 1   : PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION

Chapter 2   : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING

Chapter 3   : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

Chapter 4   : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

Chapter 5   : SECTIONAL VIEWS

Chapter 6   : ORTHOGRAPHIC READING OR INTERPRETATION OF VIEWS

Chapter 7   : SCREW THREADS

Chapter 8   : SCREWED FASTENINGS

Chapter 9   : KEYS, COTTER-JOINTS, PIN-JOINTS

Chapter 10 : PIPE JOINTS

Chapter 11 : VALVES

Chapter 12 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS

Chapter 13 : SHAFT BEARINGS, BRACKETS AND HANGERS

Chapter 14 : SHAFT COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES

Chapter 15 : PULLEYS

Chapter 16 : SPUR GEARING

Chapter 17 : ENGINE PARTS

Chapter 18 : ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION DRAWING

Chapter 19 : ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS

Chapter 20 : ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING
Next>>
DETAILED CONTENTS

Chapter 1   : PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION
1-0
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-3-1
1-3-2		 Engineering drawing
Principle of projection
Methods of projection
Orthographic projection
First-angle projection
Third-angle projection
B.I.S. code of practice
Symbols for methods of projection
Combination of two methods
1-4
1-5
1-6		 Isometric projection
Oblique projection
Perspective projection
Exercises

Chapter 2 : SHEET LAYOUT AND  SKETCHING

2-1 Sheet layout
  Sheet sizes
Margin
Border lines
  Borders and frames
Orientation mark
Grid reference system (zones system)
Title block
List of parts or the bill of materials
Revisions of drawing
Folding marks
Scales and scale drawing
2-2 Types of machine drawings
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii) 		Production drawing
Exploded assembly drawing
Schematic assembly drawin
Drawing for instruction manual
Drawing for installation
Drawing for catalogue
Tabular drawing
Patent drawing
2-3 Sketching
  Sketching materials
To sketch straight lines
To sketch circles and arcs
Sketching procedure
Exercises

Chapter 3 : LINES, LETTERING AND  DIMENSIONING

3-0
3-1		 Introduction
Lines
  Line thickness
Inked drawings
Pencil drawings
Types of Lines
  Outlines
Margin lines
Dimension lines
Extension  or  projection  lines
Construction  lines
Hatching or section lines
Leader or pointer lines
Border lines
Short-break lines
Long-break lines
Hidden or dotted lines
Centre lines
Cutting-plane lines
Chain thick
Chain thick double-dashed
3-2 Lettering (IS : 9609-1990)
I.
II. 		Single-stroke letters
Gothic letters
3-3 Dimensioning
  Types of dimensions
3-4 Dimensioning terms and notations
  Dimension line
Extension line
Arrowhead
Leader
3-5 Placing of dimensions
(i)
(ii) 		Aligned system
Unidirectional system
3-6
3-7
3-8

Unit of dimensioning
General rules for dimensioning
Practical hints on dimensioning
(a)
(b) 		Continuous or chain dimensioning
Progressive or parallel dimensioning
Exercises

Chapter 4 : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

4-0 Introduction
(i)
(ii) 		First-angle projection method
Third-angle projection method

4-1
4-2
4-3

Orthographic projection
Procedure for preparing a scale-drawing
Illustrative problems
Exercises
Solutions to exercises

Chapter 5 : Sectional views

5-0
5-1
5-2
5-2-1
5-2-2
5-2-3
5-2-4
5-2-5
5-2-6
5-3
5-4
5-5		 Introduction
Cutting-plane line
Types of sectional views
Full section
Half section
Partial or broken section
Revolved section
Removed section
Offset section
Sectioning conventions
Hatching or section lines
Conventions of section lines
Illustrative problems
Exercises
Solutions to exercises

Chapter 6 : Orthographic reading or interpretation of views

6-0
6-1
6-2
6-3		 Introduction
Reading of orthographic views (Blue-print reading)
Missing lines and missing views
Identification of planes
Exercises
Solutions to exercises

Chapter 7 : SCREW THREADS

7-0
7-1		 Introduction
Definitions
  Crest
Root 
Flank
Angle
Depth
Nominal diameter
Outside or major diameter
Core or minor diameter
Effective diameter
Pitch 
Lead 
slope
7-2
7-2-1		 Forms of screw threads
Triangular or V threads
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) 		Unified thread
Metric thread
Whitworth thread
British Standard Fine and British Standard Pipe threads
Sellers thread
British Association thread
7-2-2 Square thread
(a)
(b)
(c)		 Acme thread IS : 7008-1988
Knuckle thread
Buttress thread
7-3 Conventional representation of threads SP : 46-1988
Method I
(a)
(b) 		External threads
Internal threads
Method II
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 		External V thread
Internal V thread
External square thread 
Internal square thread
7-4
7-5		 Multiple-start threads
Right-hand and left-hand threads
Exercises

Chapter 8 : SCREWED FASTENINGS

8-0
8-1
8-1-1
8-1-2
8-2		 Introduction
Types of nuts
Hexagonal nut
Square nut
Types of nuts for special purpose
  Flanged nut
Cap nut
Dome nut
Cylindrical or capstan nut
Ring nut
Wing nut
8-3
8-4
8-5		 Washers
Types of bolts
Forms of bolts
  Hexagonal-headed bolt
8-6 Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a nut on or off it
  Square-headed bolt
Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt
Cup-headed or round-headed bolt
T-headed bolt
Countersunk-headed bolt
Hook bolt
Headless tapered bolt
Eye-bolt
Lifting eye-bolt
Tap-bolt or cap-screw
Stud-bolt or stud
8-7
8-8		 Set-screws
Locking arrangements for nuts
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix) 		Lock-nut or check-nut
Split-pin
Slotted nut
Castle nut
Sawn nut or Wiles nut
Simmond's lock-nut
Penn, ring or grooved nut
Stop-plate or locking-plate
Spring-washer

8-9

 Foundation bolts
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)		 Eye foundation bolt
Rag bolt
Lewis bolt
Cotter bolt
8-10
8-11		 Spanner
Longitudinal or bar stay
Exercises

Chapter 9 : Keys, cotter-joints, Pin-Joints

9-0
9-1		 Introduction
Keys joints
(i) Taper keys
    Sunk taper key
Saddle keys
Round key or pin key
Taper pin
Gib-head
(ii) Parallel or feather keys
    Spline shafts
Woodruff key
Cone keys
Staking-on
9-2 Cotter and cotter joints
(i)  
(ii) 
(iii)		 Socket and spigot joint
Sleeve joint
Strap joint
9-3 Pin-joint or Knuckle joint
Exercises

Chapter 10 : Pipe Joints

10-0
10-1
10-1-1
10-1-2
10-1-3
10-2
10-3
10-3-1
10-4
10-5
10-6		 Introduction
Cast-iron pipes
Cast-iron flanged joint
Socket and spigot joint
Hydraulic joint
Wrought-iron and steel pipes
Copper pipes
Union joint
Lead pipes
Expansion joints
Piping drawings
Exercises

Chapter 11 : valves

11-0
11-1
11-1-1

11-1-2
11-1-3
11-1-4
11-1-5
11-2
11-2-1
11-2-2
11-2-3
11-3		 Introduction
Types of valves
Flap valve
India-rubber disc valve
Ball valve
Metal disc valve
Stop valves
Feed-check valve
Safety valves
Spring-loaded safety valves
Lever safety valve
Dead-weight safety valve
Blow-off cock
Exercises

Chapter 12 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS

12-0
12-1
12-1-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
12-5-1
12-5-2
12-6
12-6-1
12-6-2
12-7
12-7-1
12-7-2		 Introduction
Riveting
Caulking and fullering
Forms and proportions of rivet-heads
Failure of riveted joints
Dimensions of a riveted joint
Types of riveted joints
Lap joint
Butt joint
Rolled-steel sections
Connection of plates at right angles
Gusset stay
Welded joints
Welding
Types of welding process
(i)
(ii)
(iii)		 Pressure welding or forge welding
Fusion welding
Fusion and pressure welding
Types of welded joints
Types of welds

12-7-3

Representation of welded joints
Exercises

Chapter 13 : Shaft bearings, brackets and hangers

13-0 Introduction
(i)
(ii)
(iii) 		A journal bearing
A pivot bearing
A collar or thrust bearing
13-1
13-1-1
13-1-2
13-1-3
13-1-4
13-2
13-2-1
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6		 Journal bearings
Solid bearing
Bushed bearing
Pedestal bearing or plummer block
Methods of preventing rotation of brasses in a bearing
Pivot bearing
Foot-step bearing
Wall brackets
Hangers
Wall-plates
Wall-box
Exercises

Chapter 14 : Shaft couplings, clutches  and brakes

14-0
14-1
14-1-1
14-1-2
14-1-3
14-2
14-2-1
14-2-2
14-3
14-3-1
14-3-2
14-3-3
14-4
14-4-1
14-4-2
14-4-3
14-5		 Introduction
 Fast or rigid couplings
Box or muff coupling
Half-lap coupling
Split-muff coupling
Flanged coupling
Protected type flange-coupling
Solid flanged coupling
Flexible couplings
Universal coupling or Hook's joint
Oldham's coupling
Gear coupling
Loose or disengaging couplings or clutches
Claw coupling or clutch
Conical friction coupling or cone friction clutch
Single plate clutch
Brakes
Exercises

Chapter 15 : Pulleys

15-0
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-5
15-6
15-7
15-8		 Introduction
Types of pulleys
C. I. belt pulleys
Fast and loose pulleys
Speed cones or stepped pulleys
Split pulleys
Built-up pulleys
Rope pulleys
V-belt pulleys
Exercises

Chapter 16 : sPUR gEARING

16-0
16-1

16-1-1
16-1-2
16-1-3
16-1-4
16-1-5		 Introduction
Spur gear definitions
Pitch
Relationship between the pitches
Tooth proportions
Involute spur gears
Construction of base circles
Approximate construction of teeth profile
(1)
(2) 		For gears of 30 teeth and over
For gears of less than 30 teeth
Gears in mesh
16-2
16-3		 Rack and pinion
Cycloidal tooth profile
Exercises

Chapter 17 : engine parts

17-0
17-1
17-1-1
17-1-2
17-1-3
17-1-4
17-1-5		 Introduction
Steam engine
Cylinder cover
Pistons
Stuffing boxes
Cross-heads
Connecting rods
(i)
(ii) 		Big end
Small end
17-1-6 Cranks
(i)
(ii) 		Overhung crank
Disc crank
17-1-7
17-1-8

17-2
17-2-1
17-2-2
17-2-3

Eccentrics
Slide valves
Internal combustion engine
An I. C. engine
Piston
Connecting rod
Crankshaft
(i)
(ii) 		Forged crankshaft
Built-up crank
Exercises

Chapter 18 : ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION DRAWING

18-0
18-1
18-2		 Introduction
Geometrical tolerances
Types of geometrical tolerances 
I.
II. 		Form tolerances
Position tolerances
18-2-1 Terminology for geometrical deviations
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x) 		Tolerance  of  straightness
Tolerance of flatness
Barrel form, bow form and curvature of axes
Taper
Oval form and lobed form
Radial run out and axial run out
Misalignment
Incorrect location of intersecting axes
Non-perpendicular surfaces
Datum
18-3
18-4
18-4-1		 Representation of geometrical tolerance on a drawing
Dimensional tolerances
Terminology for dimensional tolerances 
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii) 		Basic dimension
Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Tolerance zone
Actual size
Zero line
Unilateral limits
Bilateral limits
Maximum material condition
Allowance
Mating surfaces and mating dimensions
Basic shaft
Basic hole
18-4-2
18-4-3		 Selection of tolerances
Representation of dimensional tolerances 
(i)
(ii)		 Letter symbol
Number or grade method
18-4-4
18-5		 Representation of dimensional tolerances on drawings
Fits
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)		 Clearance fit
Interference fit
Transition fit
Sliding fit
18-5-1 Hole basis and shaft basis system
(i)
(ii) 		Hole basis system
Shaft basis system
18-5-2
18-6
18-6-1		 Representation of holes, shafts and fits
Surface-roughness
Terminology for surface roughness 
(i)
(ii) 		Ideal surface
Roughness
(a)
(b)
(c) 		Roughness height
Mean roughness index
Surface roughness number
(iii)
(iv)		 Waviness
Lay
18-7 Representation of surface-roughness on drawings
Exercises

Chapter 19 : Assembly drawings

19-0
19-1		 Introduction
Types of assembly drawings 
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) 		Designed assembly
Layout assembly
Installation assembly
Working drawing assembly
General assembly
19-2 Accepted norms to be observed for assembly drawings 
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) 		Selection of views
Sectioning
Dotted lines
Dimensions
Bill of materials
19-3 Sequences of preparing the assembly drawing
Illustrative problems
Exercises

Chapter 20 : ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING

20-0
20-1
20-2
20-2-1
20-2-2
20-2-3		 Introduction
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)
Computer
Processor
Display
INPUT devices
(a)
(b)
(c) 		Keyboard
Mouse
Tablet or digitizer
20-2-4 Graphic output devices
(a)
(b)
(c) 		Dot Matrix Printers (DMP) and Laser Printers
Pen plotters
Ink-Jet printers/plotters
20-3 CAD software
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) 		Modelling and drafting
Ease of use
Flexibility
Modularity
Low maintenance cost 
20-4
20-4-1		 AutoCAD
Drawing entities
(1)
(2)
(3) 		Line
Circle
Arc
(a)
(b)
(c) 		3 point arc
Start, Center
Start, End 
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) 		Trace
Pline
Donut
Polygon
Ellipse
Solid
20-4-2 Drafting aids
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) 		Layer
Blocks
Dimensioning
Object snap
Hatch patterns
Zoom
Text
20-4-3 Editing of a drawing
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19) 		  Move
Rotate
Copy
Mirror
Array
Erase
Oops
Break
Fillet
Chamfer
Change
Extend
Offset
Stretch
Trim
Scale
Pedit
Explode
Undo
20-5
20-6		 Symbol library
Three dimensional modelling
Illustrative problem
Exercises