Geometrical and Machine Drawing

GEOMETRICAL
AND
MACHINE DRAWING
by
N. D. Bhatt
Revised and Enlarged by
V. M. Panchal

This text-book follows :

(i) the metric system of length measurement and
(ii) first-angle method of orthographic projection.

However, the third-angle projection method has not been completely ignored.

The topics of the subject are covered in 22 well-arranged chapters — therein it now contains :

* 914
* 230
* 500
* 36

Self–explanatory and neatly drawn diagrams
Worked examples (Problems)
Exercises at the end of chapters
Useful tables

It describes in an easy-to-follow style and with application of the principles of orthographic projection, forms, proportions and uses of simple machine, engine and boiler parts.The techniques of freehand sketching, dimensioning, conversion of pictorial views and interpretation of views are treated in clear and simple manner. Most of the orthographic views are accompanied by the pictorial views of the objects to enable the students to visualize the shapes easily.

The book covers the syllabi in Engineering Drawing of the First Year of the three year Diploma courses in various branches of Engineerring conducted by the Department of Technical Education, for I.T.I. students and also to the candidates reading for the A.M.I.E. and U.P.S.C. Examinations.

Price	:	Rs. 185-00	$ 10-00	£ 7-50
Edition	:	Seventeenth Edition : 2005
ISBN	:	81-85594-45-7
Book Size	:	170 mm × 240 mm
Binding	:	Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages	:	408 + 16

Next>>

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

Chapter 2 : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING

Chapter 3 : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

Chapter 4 : SCALES

Chapter 5 : GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

Chapter 6 : CURVES USED IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Chapter 7 : LOCI OF POINTS

Chapter 8 : PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION

Chapter 9 : ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Chapter 10 : OBLIQUE PROJECTION

Chapter 11 : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

Chapter 12 : SECTIONAL VIEWS

Chapter 13 : Orthographic reading or interpretation of views

Chapter 14 : SCREW THREADS

Chapter 15 : SCREWED FASTENINGS

Chapter 16 : Keys, cotter-joints, Pin-Joints

Chapter 17 : Shaft couplings, clutches and brakes

Chapter 18 : Pipe Joints

Chapter 19 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS

Chapter 20 : Shaft bearings, brackets and hangers

Chapter 21 : PULLEYS

Chapter 22 : ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS

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DETAIL CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

1-0
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4 Introduction
Drawing board
T-square
Set-squares
Drawing instrument box

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii) Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil and pen legs
Lengthening bar
Small bow compass
Large-size divider
Small bow divider
Small bow ink-pen
Inking pen

1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-13
1-14
1-15 Scales
Protractor
French curves
Drawing papers
Drawing pencils
Eraser (Rubber)
Drawing pins
Sand-paper block
Duster
Drafting machine
General suggestions for drawing a sheet

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv) Cleaning the instruments
Pinning the paper to the drawing board
Border lines
To draw the border lines
Spacing of drawings

Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 2 : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING

2-1 Sheet layout

Sheet sizes
Margin
Border lines
Borders and frames
Orientation mark
Grid reference system
Title block
List of parts or the bill of materials
Revisions of drawing
Folding marks
Scales and scale drawing

2-2 Types of machine drawings

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii) Production drawing
Exploded assembly drawing
Schematic assembly drawing
Drawing for instruction manual
Drawing for installation
Drawing for catalogue
Tabular drawing
Patent drawing

2-3 Sketching
Sketching materials
To sketch straight lines
To sketch circles and arcs
Sketching procedure
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 3 : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

3-0
3-1 Introduction
Lines

Line thickness
Inked drawings
Pencil drawings
Types of Lines
Outlines
Margin lines
Dimension lines
Extension or projection lines
Construction lines
Hatching or section lines
Leader or pointer lines
Border lines
Short-break lines
Long-break lines
Hidden or dotted lines
Centre lines
Cutting-plane lines
Chain thick
Chain thick double-dashed

3-2 Lettering

I.
II. Single-stroke letters
Gothic letters

3-3 Dimensioning
Types of dimensions

3-4 Dimensioning terms and notations
Dimension line
Extension line
Arrowhead
Leader

3-5 Placing of dimensions

(i)
(ii) Aligned system
Unidirectional system

3-6
3-7
3-8 Unit of dimensioning
General rules for dimensioning
Practical hints on dimensioning

(a)
(b) Continuous or chain dimensioning
Progressive or parallel dimensioning

Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 4 : SCALES

4-0
4-1 Introduction
Scales

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Engineer's scale
Graphical scale
Representative fraction

4-2
4-3 Scales on drawings
Types of scales

(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
Plain scales
Diagonal scales
Principle of diagonal scale
Comparative scales
Vernier scales

Principle of vernier
Least count of a vernier

(i)
(ii) Forward vernier
Backward vernier

(v) Scale of chords

Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 5 : GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

5-0
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8 Introduction
Bisecting a line
To draw perpendiculars
To draw parallel lines
To divide a line
To bisect an angle
To trisect an angle
To find the centre of an arc
To construct equilateral triangles

(a)
(b) With T-square and set-square only
With the aid of a compass

5-9
5-10 To construct squares
To construct regular polygons

(a)
(b) Inscribe circle method
Arc method

Alternative method

5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14 Special methods of drawing regular polygons
Regular polygons inscribed in circles
To draw regular figures using T-square and set-squares
To draw tangents

(a)
(b) External tangents
Internal tangents

5-15
5-16
5-17 Lengths of arcs
Circles and lines in contact
Inscribed circles
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 6 : CURVES USED IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

6-0
6-1
6-1-1 Introduction
Conic sections
Ellipse

(a)
(b) General method of construction of an ellipse
Construction of ellipse by other methods

Normal and tangent to an ellipse

6-1-2 Parabola

(a)
(b) General method of construction of a parabola
Construction of parabola by other methods

6-1-3 Hyperbola
Rectangular hyperbola
General method of construction of a hyperbola

6-1-4 Tangents and normals to conics

(a)
(b) General method
Other methods of drawing tangents to conics

6-2
6-2-1 Cycloidal curves
Cycloid
Normal and tangent to a cycloid curve

6-2-2
6-2-3 Trochoid
Epicycloid and hypocycloid
Normal and tangent to an epicycloid and a hypocycloid

6-2-4
6-2-5
6-3 Epitrochoid
Hypotrochoid
Involute
Normal and tangent to an involute

6-4
6-5
6-5-1 Evolutes
Spirals
Archemedian spiral
Normal and tangent to an Archemedian spiral

6-5-2
6-6
6-6-1
6-6-2 Logarithmic or equiangular piral
Helix
A method of drawing a helical curve
Helical springs

(a)
(b) Helical spring of a wire of square cross-section
Helical spring of a wire of circular cross-section

6-6-3
6-6-4
6-7 Screw threads
Helix upon a cone
Cam
Exercises
Miscellaneous problems
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Chapter – 7 : LOCI OF POINTS

7-0
7-1
7-2
7-2-1
7-2-2 Introduction
Loci of points
Simple mechanisms
The slider-crank mechanism
A four-bar mechanism
Exercises
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Chapter 8 : Principles of projection

8-0
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-3-1
8-3-2 Engineering drawing
Principle of projection
Methods of projection
Orthographic projection
First-angle projection
Third-angle projection
B.I.S. code of practice
Symbols for methods of projection
Combination of two methods

8-4
8-5
8-6 Isometric projection
Oblique projection
Perspective projection
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 9 : ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

9-0
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-5-1 Introduction
Isometric axes, lines and planes
Isometric scale
Isometric drawing or isometric view
Isometric graph
Illustrative problems
Isometric drawing of planes or plane figures

I.
II. Method of points
Four-centre method

9-5-2 Isometric drawing of prisms and pyramids
Methods of drawing non-isometric lines

(i)
(ii) Box method
Offset method

9-5-3
9-5-4
9-5-5
9-6 Isometric drawing of cylinders
Isometric drawing of cones
Isometric drawing of sphere
Typical problems

Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 10 : OBLIQUE PROJECTION

10-0
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4 Introduction
Principle of the oblique projection
The oblique projection and the isometric projection
Receding lines and receding angles
Types of the oblique projection

(i)
(ii) Cavalier projection
Cabinet projection

10-5
10-6 Rules for the choice of position of an object
Steps for drawing the oblique projection
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 11 : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

11-0 Introduction

(i)
(ii) First-angle projection method
Third-angle projection method

11-1
11-2
11-3 Orthographic projection
Procedure for preparing a scale-drawing
Illustrative problems
Exercises
Solutions to exercises
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Chapter 12 : Sectional views

12-0
12-1
12-2
12-2-1
12-2-2
12-2-3
12-2-4
12-2-5
12-2-6
12-3
12-4
12-5 Introduction
Cutting-plane line
Types of sectional views
Full section
Half section
Partial or broken section
Revolved section
Removed section
Offset section
Sectioning conventions
Hatching or section lines
Conventions of section lines
Illustrative problems
Exercises
Solutions to exercises
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Chapter 13 : Orthographic reading or interpretation of views

13-0
13-1
13-2
13-3 Introduction
Reading of orthographic views (Blue-print reading)
Missing lines and missing views
Identification of planes
Exercises
Solutions to exercises
Top>>

Chapter 14 : SCREW THREADS

14-0
14-1 Introduction
Definitions

Crest
Root
Flank
Angle
Depth
Nominal diameter
Outside or major diameter
Core or minor diameter
Effective diameter
Pitch
Lead
slope

14-2
14-2-1 Forms of screw threads
Triangular or V threads

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) Unified thread
Metric thread
Whitworth thread
British Standard Fine and British Standard Pipe threads
Sellers thread
British Association thread

14-2-2 Square thread

(a)
(b)
(c) Acme thread IS : 7008-1988
Knuckle thread
Buttress thread

14-3 Conventional representation of threads SP : 46-1988
Method I

(a)
(b) External threads
Internal threads

Method II

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) External V thread
Internal V thread
External square thread
Internal square thread

14-4
14-5 Multiple-start threads
Right-hand and left-hand threads
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 15 : SCREWED FASTENINGS

15-0
15-1
15-1-1
15-1-2
15-2 Introduction
Types of nuts
Hexagonal nut
Square nut
Types of nuts for special purpose

Flanged nut
Cap nut
Dome nut
Cylindrical or capstan nut
Ring nut
Wing nut

15-3
15-4
15-5 Washers
Types of bolts
Forms of bolts

Hexagonal-headed bolt

15-6 Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a nut on or off it

Square-headed bolt
Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt
Cup-headed or round-headed bolt
T-headed bolt
Countersunk-headed bolt
Hook bolt
Headless tapered bolt
Eye-bolt
Lifting eye-bolt
Tap-bolt or cap-screw
Stud-bolt or stud

15-7
15-8 Set-screws
Locking arrangements for nuts

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix) Lock-nut or check-nut
Split-pin
Slotted nut
Castle nut
Sawn nut or Wiles nut
Simmond's lock-nut
Penn, ring or grooved nut
Stop-plate or locking-plate
Spring-washer

15-9
Foundation bolts

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) Eye foundation bolt
Rag bolt
Lewis bolt
Cotter bolt

15-10
15-11 Spanner
Longitudinal or bar stay
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 16 : Keys, cotter-joints, Pin-Joints

16-0
16-1 Introduction
Keys joints

(i) Taper keys

Sunk taper key
Saddle keys
Round key or pin key
Taper pin
Gib-head

(ii) Parallel or feather keys

Spline shafts
Woodruff key
Cone keys
Staking-on

16-2 Cotter and cotter joints

(i)
(ii)
(iii) Socket and spigot joint
Sleeve joint
Strap joint

16-3 Pin-joint or Knuckle joint
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 17 : Shaft couplings, clutches and brakes

17-0
17-1
17-1-1
17-1-2
17-1-3
17-2
17-2-1
17-2-2
17-3
17-3-1
17-3-2
17-3-3
17-4
17-4-1
17-4-2
17-4-3
17-5 Introduction
Fast or rigid couplings
Box or muff coupling
Half-lap coupling
Split-muff coupling
Flanged coupling
Protected type flange-coupling
Solid flanged coupling
Flexible couplings
Universal coupling or Hook's joint
Oldham's coupling
Gear coupling
Loose or disengaging couplings or clutches
Claw coupling or clutch
Conical friction coupling or cone friction clutch
Single plate clutch
Brakes
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 18 : Pipe Joints

18-0
18-1
18-1-1
18-1-2
18-1-3
18-2
18-3
18-3-1
18-4
18-5
18-6 Introduction
Cast-iron pipes
Cast-iron flanged joint
Socket and spigot joint
Hydraulic joint
Wrought-iron and steel pipes
Copper pipes
Union joint
Lead pipes
Expansion joints
Piping drawings
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 19 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS

19-0
19-1
19-1-1
19-2
19-3
19-4
19-5
19-5-1
19-5-2
19-6
19-6-1
19-6-2
19-7
19-7-1
19-7-2 Introduction
Riveting
Caulking and fullering
Forms and proportions of rivet-heads
Failure of riveted joints
Dimensions of a riveted joint
Types of riveted joints
Lap joint
Butt joint
Rolled-steel sections
Connection of plates at right angles
Gusset stay
Welded joints
Welding
Types of welding process

(i)
(ii)
(iii) Pressure welding or forge welding
Fusion welding
Fusion and pressure welding

Types of welded joints
Types of welds

19-7-3
Representation of welded joints
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 20 : Shaft bearings, brackets and hangers

20-0 Introduction

(i)
(ii)
(iii) A journal bearing
A pivot bearing
A collar or thrust bearing

20-1
20-1-1
20-1-2
20-1-3
20-1-4
20-2
20-2-1
20-3
20-4
20-5
20-6 Journal bearings
Solid bearing
Bushed bearing
Pedestal bearing or plummer block
Methods of preventing rotation of brasses in a bearing
Pivot bearing
Foot-step bearing
Wall brackets
Hangers
Wall-plates
Wall-box
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 21 : Pulleys

21-0
21-1
21-2
21-3
21-4
21-5
21-6
21-7
21-8 Introduction
Types of Pulleys
C. I. belt pulleys
Fast and loose pulleys
Speed cones or stepped pulleys
Split pulleys
Built-up pulleys
Rope pulleys
V-belt pulleys
Exercises
Top>>

Chapter 22 : Assembly drawings

22-0
22-1 Introduction
Types of assembly drawings

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) Designed assembly
Layout assembly
Installation assembly
Working drawing assembly
General assembly

22-2 Accepted norms to be observed for assembly drawings

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) Selection of views
Sectioning
Dotted lines
Dimensions
Bill of materials

22-3 Sequences of preparing the assembly drawing
Illustrative problems
Exercises
Top>>

1-0 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4	Introduction Drawing board T-square Set-squares Drawing instrument box
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)	Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil and pen legs Lengthening bar Small bow compass Large-size divider Small bow divider Small bow ink-pen Inking pen
1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15	Scales Protractor French curves Drawing papers Drawing pencils Eraser (Rubber) Drawing pins Sand-paper block Duster Drafting machine General suggestions for drawing a sheet
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Cleaning the instruments Pinning the paper to the drawing board Border lines To draw the border lines Spacing of drawings
	Exercises Top>>

3-0 3-1	Introduction Lines
		Line thickness Inked drawings Pencil drawings Types of Lines Outlines Margin lines Dimension lines Extension or projection lines Construction lines Hatching or section lines Leader or pointer lines Border lines Short-break lines Long-break lines Hidden or dotted lines Centre lines Cutting-plane lines Chain thick Chain thick double-dashed
3-2	Lettering
	I. II.	Single-stroke letters Gothic letters
3-3	Dimensioning Types of dimensions
3-4	Dimensioning terms and notations Dimension line Extension line Arrowhead Leader
3-5	Placing of dimensions
	(i) (ii)	Aligned system Unidirectional system
3-6 3-7 3-8	Unit of dimensioning General rules for dimensioning Practical hints on dimensioning
	(a) (b)	Continuous or chain dimensioning Progressive or parallel dimensioning
	Exercises Top>>

4-0 4-1	Introduction Scales
	(i) (ii) (iii)	Engineer's scale Graphical scale Representative fraction
4-2 4-3	Scales on drawings Types of scales
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Plain scales Diagonal scales Principle of diagonal scale Comparative scales Vernier scales
		Principle of vernier Least count of a vernier
		(i) (ii)	Forward vernier Backward vernier
	(v)	Scale of chords
	Exercises Top>>

5-0 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8	Introduction Bisecting a line To draw perpendiculars To draw parallel lines To divide a line To bisect an angle To trisect an angle To find the centre of an arc To construct equilateral triangles
	(a) (b)	With T-square and set-square only With the aid of a compass
5-9 5-10	To construct squares To construct regular polygons
	(a) (b)	Inscribe circle method Arc method
	Alternative method
5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14	Special methods of drawing regular polygons Regular polygons inscribed in circles To draw regular figures using T-square and set-squares To draw tangents
	(a) (b)	External tangents Internal tangents
5-15 5-16 5-17	Lengths of arcs Circles and lines in contact Inscribed circles Exercises Top>>

6-0 6-1 6-1-1	Introduction Conic sections Ellipse
	(a) (b)	General method of construction of an ellipse Construction of ellipse by other methods
	Normal and tangent to an ellipse
6-1-2	Parabola
	(a) (b)	General method of construction of a parabola Construction of parabola by other methods
6-1-3	Hyperbola Rectangular hyperbola General method of construction of a hyperbola
6-1-4	Tangents and normals to conics
	(a) (b)	General method Other methods of drawing tangents to conics
6-2 6-2-1	Cycloidal curves Cycloid Normal and tangent to a cycloid curve
6-2-2 6-2-3	Trochoid Epicycloid and hypocycloid Normal and tangent to an epicycloid and a hypocycloid
6-2-4 6-2-5 6-3	Epitrochoid Hypotrochoid Involute Normal and tangent to an involute
6-4 6-5 6-5-1	Evolutes Spirals Archemedian spiral Normal and tangent to an Archemedian spiral
6-5-2 6-6 6-6-1 6-6-2	Logarithmic or equiangular piral Helix A method of drawing a helical curve Helical springs
	(a) (b)	Helical spring of a wire of square cross-section Helical spring of a wire of circular cross-section
6-6-3 6-6-4 6-7	Screw threads Helix upon a cone Cam Exercises Miscellaneous problems Top>>

2-1	Sheet layout
		Sheet sizes Margin Border lines Borders and frames Orientation mark Grid reference system Title block List of parts or the bill of materials Revisions of drawing Folding marks Scales and scale drawing
2-2	Types of machine drawings
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)	Production drawing Exploded assembly drawing Schematic assembly drawing Drawing for instruction manual Drawing for installation Drawing for catalogue Tabular drawing Patent drawing
2-3	Sketching Sketching materials To sketch straight lines To sketch circles and arcs Sketching procedure Exercises Top>>

8-0 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-3-1 8-3-2	Engineering drawing Principle of projection Methods of projection Orthographic projection First-angle projection Third-angle projection B.I.S. code of practice Symbols for methods of projection Combination of two methods
8-4 8-5 8-6	Isometric projection Oblique projection Perspective projection Exercises Top>>

9-0 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-5-1	Introduction Isometric axes, lines and planes Isometric scale Isometric drawing or isometric view Isometric graph Illustrative problems Isometric drawing of planes or plane figures
	I. II.	Method of points Four-centre method
9-5-2	Isometric drawing of prisms and pyramids Methods of drawing non-isometric lines
	(i) (ii)	Box method Offset method
9-5-3 9-5-4 9-5-5 9-6	Isometric drawing of cylinders Isometric drawing of cones Isometric drawing of sphere Typical problems
	Exercises Top>>

10-0 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4	Introduction Principle of the oblique projection The oblique projection and the isometric projection Receding lines and receding angles Types of the oblique projection
	(i) (ii)	Cavalier projection Cabinet projection
10-5 10-6	Rules for the choice of position of an object Steps for drawing the oblique projection Exercises Top>>

11-0	Introduction
	(i) (ii)	First-angle projection method Third-angle projection method
11-1 11-2 11-3	Orthographic projection Procedure for preparing a scale-drawing Illustrative problems Exercises Solutions to exercises Top>>

14-0 14-1	Introduction Definitions
		Crest Root Flank Angle Depth Nominal diameter Outside or major diameter Core or minor diameter Effective diameter Pitch Lead slope
14-2 14-2-1	Forms of screw threads Triangular or V threads
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)	Unified thread Metric thread Whitworth thread British Standard Fine and British Standard Pipe threads Sellers thread British Association thread
14-2-2	Square thread
	(a) (b) (c)	Acme thread IS : 7008-1988 Knuckle thread Buttress thread
14-3	Conventional representation of threads SP : 46-1988 Method I
	(a) (b)	External threads Internal threads
	Method II
	(a) (b) (c) (d)	External V thread Internal V thread External square thread Internal square thread
14-4 14-5	Multiple-start threads Right-hand and left-hand threads Exercises Top>>

15-0 15-1 15-1-1 15-1-2 15-2	Introduction Types of nuts Hexagonal nut Square nut Types of nuts for special purpose
		Flanged nut Cap nut Dome nut Cylindrical or capstan nut Ring nut Wing nut
15-3 15-4 15-5	Washers Types of bolts Forms of bolts
		Hexagonal-headed bolt
15-6	Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a nut on or off it
		Square-headed bolt Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt Cup-headed or round-headed bolt T-headed bolt Countersunk-headed bolt Hook bolt Headless tapered bolt Eye-bolt Lifting eye-bolt Tap-bolt or cap-screw Stud-bolt or stud
15-7 15-8	Set-screws Locking arrangements for nuts
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)	Lock-nut or check-nut Split-pin Slotted nut Castle nut Sawn nut or Wiles nut Simmond's lock-nut Penn, ring or grooved nut Stop-plate or locking-plate Spring-washer
15-9	Foundation bolts
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Eye foundation bolt Rag bolt Lewis bolt Cotter bolt
15-10 15-11	Spanner Longitudinal or bar stay Exercises Top>>

16-0 16-1	Introduction Keys joints
	(i)	Taper keys
			Sunk taper key Saddle keys Round key or pin key Taper pin Gib-head
	(ii)	Parallel or feather keys
			Spline shafts Woodruff key Cone keys Staking-on
16-2	Cotter and cotter joints
	(i) (ii) (iii)	Socket and spigot joint Sleeve joint Strap joint
16-3	Pin-joint or Knuckle joint Exercises Top>>

19-0 19-1 19-1-1 19-2 19-3 19-4 19-5 19-5-1 19-5-2 19-6 19-6-1 19-6-2 19-7 19-7-1 19-7-2	Introduction Riveting Caulking and fullering Forms and proportions of rivet-heads Failure of riveted joints Dimensions of a riveted joint Types of riveted joints Lap joint Butt joint Rolled-steel sections Connection of plates at right angles Gusset stay Welded joints Welding Types of welding process
	(i) (ii) (iii)	Pressure welding or forge welding Fusion welding Fusion and pressure welding
	Types of welded joints Types of welds
19-7-3	Representation of welded joints Exercises Top>>

20-0	Introduction
	(i) (ii) (iii)	A journal bearing A pivot bearing A collar or thrust bearing
20-1 20-1-1 20-1-2 20-1-3 20-1-4 20-2 20-2-1 20-3 20-4 20-5 20-6	Journal bearings Solid bearing Bushed bearing Pedestal bearing or plummer block Methods of preventing rotation of brasses in a bearing Pivot bearing Foot-step bearing Wall brackets Hangers Wall-plates Wall-box Exercises Top>>

22-0 22-1	Introduction Types of assembly drawings
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)	Designed assembly Layout assembly Installation assembly Working drawing assembly General assembly
22-2	Accepted norms to be observed for assembly drawings
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)	Selection of views Sectioning Dotted lines Dimensions Bill of materials
22-3	Sequences of preparing the assembly drawing Illustrative problems Exercises Top>>