Engineering Materials

This well-known text-book provides an up-to-date account of the basic knowledge of all types of Building Materials or Materials of Construction. Topics of material science are also incorporated to improve the utility of the book.

It is characterised by the clear, methodical and also step-by-step treatment of the subject. The presentation is comprehensive and easy-to-follow.

The topics of the subject are covered in 18 well-arranged chapters and the contents of the book include:

* 119
* 54
* 400
Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches and diagrams
Useful tables
Questions at the ends of chapters.

The book should prove to be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering students preparing for the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses and also for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S., other similar competitive and professional Examinations. It would also prove of interest and of practical value to the practising Civil Engineers.

Price	:	Rs. 100-00	$ 12-00	£ 8-00
Edition	:	Thirty Third Edition : 2006
ISBN	:	81-85594-55-4
Book Size	:	135 mm × 210 mm
Binding	:	Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages	:	540 + 20

General Classification of rocks
	Geological classification Physical classification Chemical classification
Sources of stones Rock-forming minerals
	Augite Chlorite Felspar Hornblende Mica Olivine Plagioclase Quartz Serpentine
		Calcite Magnesite Dolomite Glauconite Limonite Gypsum Anhydrate
Texture or structure of a rock
	Compact crystalline Conglomerate Foliated Glassy Granular crystalline Pisolitic Porous granular Porphyritic Vesicular
Fracture of a rock
	Conchoidal Earthy Even Fibrous Hackly Uneven
Uses of stones
	Structure Face-work Paving Basic material Miscellaneous
Natural bed of stones
	Definition Importance
Tests for stones
	Acid test Attrition test Crushing test Crystallisation test Freezing and thawing test Hardness test Impact test Microscopic test Smith’s test Water absorption test
Qualities of a good building stone
	Crushing strength Appearance Durability Facility of dressing Fracture Hardness Percentage wear Resistance to fire Seasoning Specific gravity Texture Toughness index Water absorption Weathering
Stone quarrying
	Definition Site for quarry Important considerations Methods of quarrying Quarrying with hand tools Quarrying with channelling machine Quarrying by blasting
Tools for blasting
	Dipper Jumper Priming needle Scraping spoon Tamping bar
Materials for blasting
	Detonators Explosives Fuses
Process of blasting Precautions in blasting
	Failure of explosion Line of least resistance Needle and tamper Notice of blasting Retreat to a distance Seepage of water Skilled supervision Storing
Machines for quarrying Dressing of stones
	Axed finish Boasted or droved finish Chisel-draughted margins Circular finish Dragged or combed finish Furrowed finish Moulded finish Hammer-dressed finish Plain finish Polished finish Punched machine Reticulated finish Rubbed finish Scabbling finish Tooled finish Self-faced or rock-faced or quarry-faced finish Sunk finish Vermiculated finish
Deterioration of stones
	Alternate wetness and drying Frost Impurities in atmosphere Living organisms Movements of chemicals Nature of mortar Rain water Temperature variations Vegetable growth Wind
Retardation of decay of stones
	Compact silicious stones External renderings Joints Natural beds Qualities of stones Seasoned stones Size of stones Washing with water
Preservation of stones
	Coal tar Linseed oil Paint Paraffin Solution of alum and soap Solution of baryta
Artificial stones
	Forms of artificial stones Advantages of artificial stones
Common building stones of India Questions Top>>

Ceramics
I	Clay products Tiles
		Manufacture of tiles Characteristics of a good tile Types of common tiles
	Encaustic tiles
		Body Face Back
	Terra-cotta
		Manufacture of terra-cotta Varieties of terra-cotta Advantages of terra-cotta Disadvantages of terra-cotta Uses of terra-cotta
	Earthenware Stoneware Porcelain Glazing
		Transparent glazing Opaque glazing
	Clay blocks
II	Refractories
	Classification of refractory materials
Questions Top>>

General Comparison of brickwork and stonework Composition of good brick earth
	Alumina Silica Lime Oxide of iron Magnesia
Harmful ingredients in brick earth
	Lime Iron pyrites Alkalies Pebbles Vegetation and organic matter
Classification of brick earth
	Loamy, mild or sandy clay Marls, chalky or calcareous clay Plastic, strong or pure clay
Manufacture of bricks
	Preparation of clay Moulding Drying Burning
		Clamps Kilns
Comparison between clamp-burning and kiln-burning Qualities of good bricks Strength of bricks Tests for bricks
	Absorption Crushing strength Hardness Presence of soluble salts Shape and size Soundness Structure
Classification of bricks
	First class bricks Second class bricks Third class bricks Fourth class bricks
Uses of bricks Colours of bricks
	Addition of colouring material Dipping in colouring liquid
Size and weight of bricks Shape of bricks
	Bullnose brick Channel bricks Coping bricks Cownose bricks Curved sector bricks Hollow bricks Paving bricks Perforated bricks Purpose-made bricks
Fire-clays Fire-bricks
	Acidic bricks Basic bricks Neutral bricks
Substitutes for bricks
I	Concrete blocks
		Raw materials Manufacturing Advantages Use
II	Fly-ash bricks
III	Sand-lime or calcium silicate bricks
		Raw materials Manufacturing Advantages Disadvantages Use
Questions Top>>

General Some definitions
	Calcination Hydraulicity Lime Quick lime Setting Slaked lime Slaking
Classification of binding materials
	Air binding materials Hydraulic binding materials Autoclave binding materials
Sources of lime Constituents of limestones
	Clay Soluble silica Magnesium carbonate Alkalies and metallic oxides Sulphates Iron Pyrites
Classification of limes
	Fat lime Hydraulic lime Poor lime
Comparison between fat lime and hydraulic lime Manufacture of fat lime
	Collection of limestones Calcination of limestones Slaking of burnt lime
Manufacture of natural hydraulic lime
	Collection of kankar Calcination of kankar Slaking and grinding of burnt lime
Manufacture of artificial hydraulic lime
	Conversion of soft limestone Conversion of hard limestone
Precautions to be taken in handling lime
	Contact with water Facilities for workers Fire hazard Instructions to workers
Uses of lime Tests for limestones
	Physical properties Heat test Acid test Ball test
Questions Top>>

Definition Indian cement industry Cement and lime Composition of ordinary cement Properties of cement Functions of cement ingredients
	Lime (CaO) Silica (SiO₂) Alumina (Al₂O₃) Calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) Magnesia (MgO) Sulphur (S) Alkalies
Harmful constituents of cement Setting action of cement
	Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO, Al₂O₃) Tetra-calcium alumino-ferrite (4CaO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃) Tricalcium silicate (3CaO, SiO₂) Dicalcium silicate (2CaO, SiO₂)
Site for cement factory
	Climatic conditions Labour Market Power Raw materials Transport facilities Miscellaneous
Manufacture of ordinary cement
I II III	Mixing of raw materials Burning Grinding
Packing of cement Ball mills and tube mills Field tests for cement
	Colour Physical properties Presence of lumps Strength
Laboratory tests for cement
	When cement is loose When cement is in bags Chemical composition Fineness Compressive strength Tensile strength Consistency Setting times Soundness
Storage of cement
	Moisture Period of storage Piles Quality of cement Removal of cement Storage sheds
Uses of cement Varieties of cement
	Acid-resistant cement Blast furnace cement Coloured cement Expanding cement High alumina cement Hydrophobic cement Low heat cement Pozzuolana cement Quick setting cement Rapid hardening cement Sulphate resisting cement White cement
Questions Top>>

Definition Sand Natural sources of sand
	Pit sand River sand Sea sand
Classification of sand Bulking of sand Properties of good sand Function of sand in mortar
	Bulk Setting Shrinkage Strength Surface area
Tests for sand Substitutes for sand Classification of mortars
	Bulk density Kind of binding material Nature of application Special mortars
Properties of good mortar mix and mortar Preparation of mortar
	Lime mortar Surkhi mortar Cement mortar Gauged mortar
Uses of mortar Precautions in using mortar
	Consumption of mortar Frost action Sea water Soaking of building units Sprinkling of water Workability
Selection of mortar Tests for mortars
	Adhesiveness to building units Crushing strength Tensile strength
Questions Top>>

Definition Properties of cement concrete Materials used in R.C.C. work
	Cement Aggregates Steel Water
Sea water for making concrete
	Strength Corrosion of reinforcement
Proportioning concrete
	Arbitrary method Fineness modulus method Minimum voids method Maximum density method Water-cement ratio method
Grading of aggregates Water-cement ratio Workability
	Slump test
Estimating yield of concrete Importance of bulking of sand Mixing the materials of concrete
	Hand mixing Machine mixing
Transporting and placing of concrete Consolidation of concrete
	Hand consolidation Vibrators
Curing of concrete
	Meaning of the term Purposes Period of curing Effects of improper curing Factors affecting evaporation of water from concrete Methods of curing
Water-proofing cement concrete
	Finishing Bedding concrete and flooring Mastic asphalt and jute cloth Use of water-proofing compounds
Coloured concrete Lightweight concrete No-fines concrete Joints in concrete structures
	Constraction joints Expansion and contraction joints
Guniting Formwork Pre-cast concrete
	Advantages Disadvantages
Quality control of concrete
Questions Top>>

Definition
	Converted timber Rough timber Standing timber
Trees for life Classification of trees
	Exogenous trees
		Soft woods and hard woods
	Endogenous trees
Structure of a tree
I II	Macrostructure Microstructure
Felling of trees
	Age of trees for felling Method of felling Season for felling
Defects in timber
	Defects due to conversion Defects due to fungi Defects due to insects Defects due to natural forces Defects due to seasoning
Qualities of good timber
	Appearance Colour Defects Durability Elasticity Fibres Fire resistance Hardness Mechanical wear Shape Smell Sound Strength Structure Toughness Water permeability Weathering effects Weight Working condition
Decay of timber Preservation of timber
	Requirements of a good preservative
Fire-resistance of timber
	Application of special chemicals Sir Abel’s process
Seasoning of timber
	Meaning Free moisture and bound moisture Objects Methods Advantages Disadvantages Comparison between natural seasoning and kiln seasoning Classification of timbers with respect to seasoning
Conversion of timber Storage of timber Market forms of timber
	Batten Baulk Board Deal End Log Plank Pole Quartering Scantling
Industrial timber
	Veneers Plywoods
		Advantages of plywoods
	Fibreboards Impreg timbers Compreg timbers
Advantages of timber construction Uses of timber Indian timber trees
	Aini Arjun Axlewood Babul Bakul Bamboo Banyan Benteak Bijasal Casuarina Deodar Guava Gumar Hopea Indian elm Iron wood Irul Jack Jarul Kathal Laurel Mahogany Mango Mulberry Oak Palms Pine Red cedar Rosewood or blackwood Sal Sandal Satin wood Simul Siris Sissoo Spruce Sundri Tamarind Teak Toon
Plantation of teak trees
Questions Top>>

General Iron ores
	Definition
Selection of iron ores
	Important varieties of iron ores
Pig-iron Manufacture of pig-iron
	Dressing Calcination and roasting Smelting
Properties of pig-iron Types of pig-iron
	Bessemer pig Grey pig White pig Mottled pig
Other methods of pig-iron manufacture
	Electric reduction furnace Low shaft blast furnace Sponge iron process
Some terms
	Brittle material Ductile material Hard material Malleable material Soft material Tough material
Cast-iron
	Composition of cast-iron Types of cast-iron Properties of cast-iron Uses of cast-iron
Castings
	Types of castings Characteristics of a good casting Defects in casting
Wrought-iron
	Manufacture of wrought-iron Aston's process Properties of wrought-iron Defects in wrought-iron Use of wrought-iron
Questions Top>>

General Manufacture of steel
	Bessemer process Cementation process Crucible steel process Duplex process Electric process L.D. process Open-hearth process
Uses of steel Factors affecting physical properties of steel
	Carbon content Presence of impurities Heat treatment processes
Magnetic properties of steel
	Carbon Silicon Sulphur and phosphorus Manganese
Defects in steel
	Cavities or blow-holes Cold shortness Red shortness Segregation
Market forms of steel
	Angle sections Channel sections Corrugated sheets Expanded metal Flat bars I-sections Plates Ribbed-torsteel bars Round bars Square bars T-sections
Mechanical treatment of steel
	Drawing Forging Pressing Rolling
Heat treatment processes
	Annealing Case hardening Cementing Cyaniding Hardening Nitriding Normalizing Tempering
Properties of mild steel Properties of hard steel
Questions Top>>

Non-ferrous metals
I	Aluminium
	Manufacture Properties Evaluation as building material Economics of using aluminium Forms of aluminium
		Casting based Extrusion based Foil and powder based Sheet based
	Uses of aluminium Conclusion
II	Cobalt
	Manufacture Properties Uses
III	Copper
	Manufacture Properties Uses
IV	Lead
	Manufacture Properties Uses
V	Magnesium
	Manufacture Properties Uses
VI	Nickel
	Manufacture Properties Uses
VII	Tin
	Manufacture Properties Uses
VIII	Zinc
	Manufacture Properties Uses
Alloys
I	Aluminium alloys
		Aldural Aluminium bronze Duralumin Y-alloy
II	Copper alloys
		Brasses Bronzes
III	Magnesium alloys
		Dow metal Electron metal
IV	Nickel alloys
		Monel metal Nickel silver
V	Steel alloys
		Chrome-molybdenum steel Chrome-nickel stainless steel Chrome-nickel steel Chromium steel Chromium-vanadium steel Cobalt steel Copper steel Manganese steel Molybdenum steel Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel Nickel-molybdenum steel Nickel steel Tungsten steel Vanadium steel
Questions Top>>

General
	Dry corrosion Wet corrosion
Causes of corrosion Factors influencing corrosion Theories of corrosion
	Chemical action theory or direct corrosion Electrolytic theory or electrochemical corrosion Galvanic action theory High-temperature oxidation
Forms of corrosion Effect of corrosion Corrosion of ferrous metals Corrosion of non-ferrous metals Standard electrode potential Prevention of corrosion of steel in concrete Preventive measures for corrosion
	Coal tarring Electroplating Embedding in cement concrete Enamelling Galvanizing Metal spraying Painting Parkersing Sherardising Tin plating and terne plating
Questions Top>>

General Classification of glass Composition of glass Properties of glass Types of glass
	Soda-lime glass Potash-lime glass Potash-lead glass Common glass
Manufacture of glass
	Collection of raw materials Preparation of batch Melting in furnace Fabrication Annealing
Treatment of glass
	Bending Cutting Opaque making Silvering
Coloured glass Special varieties of glass
	Bullet-proof glass Fibre glass Float glass Foam glass Glass blocks Heat-excluding glass Obscured glass Perforated glass Safety glass Shielding glass Soluble glass Structural glass Ultra-violet ray glass Wired glass
Glass industry in India
Questions Top>>

General Painting
	Characteristics of an ideal paint Pigment volume concentration number (P.V.C.N.) Ingredients of an oil borne paint Types of paints Notes for guidance in the process of painting Painting on different surfaces Failure of paint Defects in painting
Varnishing
	Characteristics of an ideal varnish Ingredients of a varnish Types of varnishes Process of varnishing
Distempering
	Properties of distempers Ingredients of a distemper Process of distempering
Wall paper Whitewashing Colourwashing
Questions Top>>

Brief history Composition Polymerization
	Branched chain structures Cross-linked structures Linear structures Networking structures Addition polymerization Condensation polymerization Co-polymerization
Classification of plastics
	Behaviour with respect to heating Structure Physical and mechanical properties
Resins
I II	Thermo-plastic resins Thermo-setting resins
Moulding compounds
	Catalysts Fillers Hardeners Lubricants Pigments Plasticizers Solvents
Fabrication
	Blowing Calendering Casting Laminating Moulding
Properties of plastics
	Appearance Chemical resistance Dimensional stability Ductility Durability Electric insulation Finishing Fire-resistance Fixing Humidity Maintenance Melting point Optical property Recycling Sound absorption Strength Thermal property Weather resistance Weight
Uses of plastics PVC pipes in buildings Fibre glass reinforced plastic
	Properties of FRP Applications in building industry
Conclusion
Questions Top>>

General
I II	Abrasives Adhesives
		Albumin glues Animal protein glues Glues from natural resins Glues from synthetic resins Nitrocellulose glues Rubber glues Special glues Starch glues Vegetable glues
III	Asbestos
		Properties of asbestos Uses of asbestos Asbestos cement products
IV	Asphalt
		Classification of asphalt Forms of asphalt Properties of asphalt Uses of asphalt
V	Belts
		Balata Canvas Cotton Leather Rubber
VI	Bitumen
		Forms of bitumen
VII	Cork
		Properties of cork Uses of cork
VIII	Electrical insulators
		Conductors Non-conductors
IX	Fly-ash
		Dry system Wet system
			Conclusion
X	Fuels
		Solid fuels Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels
XI XII XIII XIV	Gypsum Gypsum plaster Heat insulating materials Lubricants
		Types of lubricants Methods of applying lubricants Lubricant industry in India
XV	Rubber
		Types of rubber Vulcanization Compounding of rubber Properties of rubber Uses of rubber Forms of rubber Reclaimed rubber
XVI	Sealants for joints
		Polysulphide based sealants Application equipment Application accessories Working criteria
XVII	Sheets for pitched roof coverings
		Asbestos cement sheets Galvanized iron sheets
XVIII	Solder
		Hard solders Soft solders
XIX	Sound absorbent materials
		Hairfelt Acoustic plaster Acoustical tiles Strawboard Pulp boards Compressed fibreboard Compressed wood particle board Perforated plywood Wood wool board Quilts and mats
XX	Tar
		Coal tar Mineral tar Wood tar
XXI	Turpentine
Questions Top>>

General Structure of atom
	Electron Proton Neutron
Atomic number and atomic weight Isotopes and isobars Periodic table Bonding in solids
I II III	Primary bonds Secondary bonds Mixed bonds
Crystal structure Space lattice and unit cell Crystal structures for metallic elements
	Plain cubic unit cell (PCS) Body-centred cubic unit cell (BCC) Face-centred cubic unit cell (FCC) Hexagonal close-packed unit cell (HCP)
Atomic radius Atomic packing factor Miller indices Linear and planar densities Plastic deformation of a single crystal
	Slip Twinning
Types of imperfections
	Line imperfections or dislocations Point imperfections Surface and grain boundary imperfections
Electrical conductivity
Questions Top>>

General Physical properties
	Bulk density Chemical resistance Coefficient of softening Density Density index Durability Fire resistance Frost resistance Hygroscopicity Porosity Refractoriness Spalling resistance Specific heat Thermal capacity Thermal conductivity Water absorption Water permeability Weathering resistance
Mechanical properties
	Abrasion Creep Elasticity Fatigue Hardness Impact strength Plasticity and brittleness Strength Wear
Questions Top>>