Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6

General Need to protect water supplies Water supply schemes Project drawings Importance of water supply project Layout of water supply project Questions Top>>

Chapter 2 : QUANTITY OF WATER

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11

Data to be collected Rate of demand Factors affecting rate of demand Measurement of water Variations in rate of demand Effects of variations on design Water requirements for buildings other than residences Estimating population Methods of population forecasts Factors affecting estimated population Summary Questions Top>>

Chapter 3 : SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19

General Surface runoff Precipitation Measurement of rainfall Rainfall Types of sources for water supply schemes Surface sources for water supply schemes Salient features of reservoir design Underground sources for water supply schemes Forms of underground sources Classification of wells Types of well construction Yield of a well Specific capacity of a well Tests for yield of a well Spacing of wells Sanitary protection of wells Summary Typical Problems Questions Top>>

Chapter 4 : PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6

Necessity of pumps Choice of type of pumps Types of pumps Power for pumps Horse-power of pumps Typical Problems Questions Top>>

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12

Meaning of pure water Reasons for the analysis of water Impurities in water Analysis of water Physical tests Physical tests Chemical tests Bacteriological tests Maintenance of purity of waters Water-borne diseases Suitability of water for trade purposes Water for swimming pools Questions Top>>

Chapter 6 : SEDIMENTATION TANKS

6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4

Purpose and location Theory of sedimentation Types of sedimentation tanks Design aspects of continuous flow type of sedimentation tanks Questions Top>>

Chapter 7 : COAGULATION OF WATER

7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7

Purpose Principle of coagulation Flocculation Usual coagulants Feeding the coagulants Mixing devices Jar test Questions Top>>

Chapter 8 : FILTRATION OF WATER

8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9

General Theory of filtration Filter sand Classification of filters Slow sand filters Rapid sand filters (gravity type) Comparison between slow sand filters and rapid sand filters (gravity type) Pressure filters Double filtration Questions Top>>

Chapter 9 : DISINFECTION OF WATER

9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11

Necessity Theory of disinfection Minor methods of disinfection Uses of ULTRA VIOLET–UV system Chlorination Properties of chlorine Action of chlorine Application of chlorine Forms of chlorination Tests for chlorine Chlorine dioxide Questions Top>>

Chapter 10 : WATER SOFTENING

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8

Purpose Types of hardness Removal of temporary hardness Removal of permanent hardness Lime-soda process Zeolite process Demineralisation process Reverse osmosis Questions 10 Top>>

Chapter 11 : MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF WATER TREATMENT

11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4

General Colour, odour and taste removal Iron and manganese removal Fluoridation Questions Top>>

Chapter 12 : CONVEYANCE OF WATER

12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8 12-9 12-10

Meaning Intakes Design of intakes Types of intakes Intake towers Pipes Pipe corrosion Effects of pipe corrosion Theories of pipe corrosion Prevention of pipe corrosion Questions Top>>

Chapter 13 : DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER

13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-10 13-11

General considerations Methods of distribution Service reservoirs Systems of supply of water Methods of layout of distribution pipes Wastage of water Water waste surveys Permissible wastage of water Preventive measures Water waste tests Maintenance of distribution system Questions Top>>

Chapter 14 : PIPE APPURTENANCES

14-1 14-2 14-3 14-4 14-5 14-6 14-7 14-8 14-9 14-10

Necessity Air valves Bib cocks Fire hydrants Reflux valves Relief valves Scour valves Sluice valves Stop cocks Water meters Questions Top>>

Chapter 15 : WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6 15-7 15-8 15-9 15-10

Meaning of the term Sources of water pollution Types of water pollution Preventive measures Conclusion Water pollution legislation World environment day (WED) Water management Measures for re-shaping local water balance Use and conservation of water resources Questions Top>>

Chapter 16 : RADIOACTIVITY AND WATER SUPPLIES

16-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 16-6 16-7 16-8 16-9

Radioactivity Effects of radiation Radioactive sources Disposal of radioactive wastes Radioactivity of water Measurement of radioactivity Effect of treatments on water Recommended methods Conclusion Questions Top>>

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Chapter 17 : SANITARY ENGINEERING – AN INTRODUCTION

17-1 17-2 17-3 17-4 17-5 17-6 17-7 17-8 17-9

General Purpose of sanitation Principles of sanitation Sanitary projects Project drawings Report Site for sewage treatment works Design aspects Some definitions Questions Top>>

Chapter 18 : COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF REFUSE

18-1 18-2 18-3 18-4

General Methods of carrying refuse Systems of sewerage Patterns of refuse collection Questions Top>>

Chapter 19 : QUANTITY OF SEWAGE

19-1 19-2 19-3

Genera Dry weather flow Storm water Questions Top>>

Chapter 20 : CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS

20-1 20-2 20-3 20-4 20-5 20-6 20-7 20-8

General Materials for sewers Shapes of sewers Joints in sewers Laying and testing of sewers Ventilation of sewers Cleaning and maintenance of sewers Surface drains Shapes of surface drains Questions Top>>

Chapter 21 : DESIGN OF SEWER

21-1 21-2 21-3 21-4 21-5 21-6 21-7

General approach Minimum and maximum velocities Hydraulic formulas for design of sewers Sizes of sewers Time of concentration Design procedure Variation in flow and velocities Questions Top>>

Chapter 22 : SEWER APPURTENANCES

22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 22-5 22-6 22-7 22-8 22-9 22-10 22-11

Meaning of the term Catch basins or catch pits Clean-outs Drop manholes Flushing tanks Grease and oil traps Inlets Inverted siphons Lampholes Manholes Storm water regulators Questions Top>>

Chapter 23 : SANITARY ENGINEERING – PUMPS

23-1 23-2 23-3 23-4 23-5 23-6 23-7

Necessity of pumps Pumping of sewage Pumping stations Requirements of a pumping station Types of sewage pumps Power for pumps Horse-power of pumps Questions Top>>

Chapter 24 : HOUSE DRAINAGE

24-1 24-2 24-3 24-4 24-5 24-6 24-7 24-8 24-9

Meaning of the term Principles of house drainage Traps Some definitions Sanitary fittings Systems of plumbing Drainage plans of buildings Testing of drains and pipes Maintenance of house drainage system Questions Top>

Chapter 25 : QUALITY OF SEWAGE

25-1 25-2 25-3 25-4 25-5 25-6 25-7 25-8 25-9 25-10 25-11 25-12

General Properties of sewage Physical properties Chemical properties Biological properties Cycles of decomposition Analysis of sewage Physical tests Chemical tests Bacteriological tests Relative stability Population equivalent Questions Top>>

Chapter 26 : NATURAL METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

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General Disposal by dilution Self-purification of natural waters Disposal by land treatment Sewage sickness Questions Top>>

Chapter 27 : PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

27-1 27-2 27-3 27-4 27-5 27-6 27-7 27-8 27-9

General Screens Grit chambers Detritus tanks Skimming tanks Plain sedimentation tanks Primary clarifiers Secondary clarifiers Coagulation of sewage Questions Top>>

Chapter 28 : FILTRATION OF SEWAGE

28-1 28-2 28-3 28-4 28-5 28-6

Secondary treatment Filters Contact beds Intermittent sand filters Trickling filters Miscellaneous filters Questions Top>>

Chapter 29 : ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20

Meaning of the term Action of activated sludge Flow diagram Methods of aeration Diffused air aeration Mechanical aeration Combination of diffused air *aeration and mechanical aeration Sludge bulking Accumulation of volatile suspended solids Sludge volume index Sludge density index Step aeration Tapered aeration Extended aeration Contact stabilization Complete mix process Oxidation ditch Advantages of activated sludge process Disadvantages of activated sludge process Activated sludge process versus trickling filters Questions Top>>

Chapter 30 : SLUDGE DISPOSAL

30-1 30-2 30-3 30-4 30-5 30-6 30-7 30-8 30-9 30-10 30-11 30-12 30-13 30-14 30-15

Necessity Quantity of sludge Methods of sludge disposal Disposal on land Distribution by pipe line Drying on drying beds Dumping into the sea Heat-drying Incineration Lagooning or ponding Press filters and vacuum filters Digestion followed by drying Sludge gas Sludge digestion tanks Two-stage digestion Questions Top>>

Chapter 31 : MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

31-1 31-2 31-3 31-4 31-5 31-6 31-7 31-8

General Cesspools Chlorination of sewage Imhoff tanks Oxidation ponds Septic tanks Treatment of industrial wastes Wastes from fertiliser factories Questions Top>>

Chapter 32 : MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

32-1 32-2 32-3 32-4 32-5 32-6 32-7 32-8 32-9 32-10

General Bio-gas Elutriation Garbage collection and removal Garbage disposal Micro-organisms Types of metabolism Divisions of micro-organisms Night soil disposal without water carriage Rural sanitation Questions Top>>

Chapter 33 : WAASTE WATER

33-1 33-2 33-3 33-4 33-5 33-6 33-7 33-8 33-9 33-10 33-11 33-12 33-13

General Standards for disposal of waste water Waste water treatment Primary waste water treatment Secondary waste water treatment Biological treatment units Secondary clarifier Sludge digester Sludge drying beds Oxidation ponds Tertiary waste water treatment Disposal of waste water Reuses of waste water Questions Top>>

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Chapter 34 : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING – AN INTRODUCTION

34-1 34-2 34-3 34-4 34-5 34-6- 34-7 34-8 34-9 34-10 34-11 34-12 34-13 34-14 34-15 34-16 34-17 34-18 34-19

General Components of environment Ecology Ecosystem Abiotic and biotic environments Acclimatization Endangered species Monitoring programme Resources Renewable resources Non-renewable resources Principle of payment by polluter Tragedy of commons Environmental health hazard Biological amplification Incipient lethal level Some terms Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Pollution control policy Questions Top>>

Chapter 35 : AIR POLLUTION

35-1 35-2 35-3 35-4 35-5 35-6 35-7 35-8 35-9 35-10 35-11 35-12 35-13 35-14 35-15 35-16 35-17 35-18 35-19 35-20 35-21 35-22

General Importance of air pollution Composition of air Necessity of ventilation Quantity of air required Aerosols Smoke and fog Dust, gas and vapour Coning and fanning cid soot Downwash Green-house effect Ozone layer Consequences of green-house effect and ozone layer Sources of air pollution Air pollutants Urban air pollution Self-cleansing of atmosphere Effects of air pollution Acid rains Control of air pollution Some tragic incidences Questions Top>>

Chapter 36 : NOISE POLLUTION

36-1 36-2 36-3 36-4 36-5 36-6 36-7 36-8 36-9

General Effects of noise Threshold of hearing Measurement of sound Acoustic reflex Acceptable noise levels Types of noises Control of noise pollution Air pollution and noise pollution Questions Top>>

Chapter 37 : MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

37-1 37-2 37-3 37-4 37-5 37-6 37-7 37-8 37-9 37-10 37-11 37-12 37-13 37-14 37-15 37-16 37-17 37-18 37-19

General Bioremediation Biodiversity Cadium poisoning Eltonian pyramid Eutrophication Fertilizers Food web Gross domestic product and quality of life Half-life Land pollution Mercury poisoning Oil pollution Pesticides Solar energy Theories of population Thermal pollution and cooling tower Trace metal poisoning Wind energy Questions Top>>

Appendix A: TYPICAL DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

A-1 A-2	Data of the project Design of project
	A B	Primary treatment Secondary treatment Top>>

Appendix B: TERMINOLOGY

BIBLIOGRAPHY