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HIGHWAY ENGINEERING by S. C. Rangwala Revised and Enlarged by K. S. Rangwala and P. S. Rangwala

This edition is thoroughly revised, enlarged completely updated with plenty of new matter, examples and drawings.

Also, new Appendix: Typical Highway Traffic Signs is also added.

The book is divided into sixteen well-arranged chapters: therein it contains-

* 243 *   30 *   62 * 310

Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches Illustrative problems Important tables Typical questions at the end of each chapter.

The salient features of the book are:

* Comprehensive presentation
* Clear exposition and brief description
* Step-by-step treatment
* Simple and lucid language.

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Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2 : HIGHWAY PLANNING AND ALIGNMENT

Chapter 3 : GEOMETRICAL DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

Chapter 4 : LOW COST ROADS

Chapter 5 : BITUMINOUS ROADS

Chapter 6 : CEMENT CONCRETE ROADS

Chapter 7 : TEST FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS

Chapter 8 : DESIGN OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS

Chapter 9 : OTHER TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

Chapter 10 : HILL ROADS

Chapter 11 : HIGHWAY DRAINAGE

Chapter 12 : HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE

Chapter 13 : HIGHWAY MAKING MACHINERIES

Chapter 14 : TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Chapter 15 : HIGHWAY ARBORICULTURE AND LIGHTING

Chapter 16 : HIGHWAY ECONOMICS

APPENDIX

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Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

General History of road construction
	Roman roads Tresaguet construction Metcalf construction Telford construction Macadam construction
Development of roads in India
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Roads in ancient India Roads in Mughal period Road development during British rule Road development in free India
Modes of transportation
I II III	Transportation by land Transportation by water Transportation by air
Characteristics of road transport Advantages of roads Importance of roads in India Requirements of an ideal road Scope of highway and transportation engineering Questions Top>>

Chapter 2 : HIGHWAY PLANNING AND ALIGNMENT

General Objects of highway planning Classification of highways
I II III	According to location and function According to traffic According to transported tonnage
Formulas for road lengths
	First 20-year road plan (1943-61) Second 20-year road plan (1961-81)
Saturation system
(1) (2)	Population Products
Highway alignment
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Easiness Economics Safety Shortness
Factors affecting highway alignment
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)	Availability of road building materials Crossings Geological features Land acquisition Easy grades and curves Obligatory points Proper drainage Traffic Miscellaneous
Planning surveys
I II III IV	Economic studies Engineering studies Financial studies Traffic studies
		Importance of planning surveys
Engineering surveys
I	Reconnaissance survey
		Objects of reconnaissance survey Importance of reconnaissance survey Information gathered in reconnaissance survey Factors to be kept in view during reconnaissance survey Instruments for reconnaissance survey
II	Preliminary survey
		Object of preliminary survey Importance of preliminary survey Work of preliminary survey Instruments for preliminary survey
III	Location survey
		Object of location survey Importance of location survey Work of location survey Instruments for location survey
Project report and drawings Highway re-alignment projects Works of re-alignment General principles of re-alignment Procedure of re-alignment projects Questions Top>>

Chapter 3 : GEOMETRICAL DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

General Road structure
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Subsoil Subgrade Base Surfacing
Width of pavement or carriageway Traffic separators or medians Kerbs
(1) (2) (3)	Class I kerbs Class II kerbs Class III kerbs
Road margins
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Cycle tracks Driveways Embankment slopes Footpaths Frontage roads Guard rails Parking lanes Shoulders
Width of roadway or formation Right of way Typical cross-sections of roads Camber
	Definition Necessity Rate of camber Shapes of camber Camber boards
Design speed
(1) (2)	Class of road Class of terrain
Stopping sight distance
	Factors affecting SSD Length of SSD
Crossing sight distance Overtaking sight distance Overtaking zones Sight distance at intersections Road gradient
	Definition Factors affecting road gradient Types of gradients
Grade compensation on horizontal curves Super-elevation
	Definition Advantages of super-elevation Calculation of super-elevation Minimum and maximum super-elevation Methods of providing super-elevatio
Horizontal curves
	Necessity Objections to curvature Factors affecting the design of curves Radius of horizontal curve Widening of pavement on horizontal curves Types of horizontal curves
Vertical curves Questions Top>>

Chapter 4 : LOW COST ROADS

General Classification of low cost roads
I II III IV V VI	Earth roads Kankar roads Gravel roads Moorum roads Traffic bound macadam roads Water bound macadam roads
Dust prevention
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Application of road oil Sprinkling with water Tar or asphalt surfacing Use of hygroscopic material
Soil stabilized roads
	Objects of soil stabilization Mechanics of soil stabilization
Soil stabilizers
(1) (2) (3)	Bituminous materials Cementing agents Chemical stabilizers
Methods of soil stabilization
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Mechanical stabilization Bituminous stabilization Cement stabilization Lime stabilization Chemical stabilization Miscellaneous methods of stabilization
Special problems in soil stabilization work
(1) (2) (3)	Choice of method of stabilization Design of the stabilized mix Thickness of layer
Soil survey Characteristics of soil
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)	Centrifuge moisture equivalent Colour Field moisture equivalent Grain shape Lineal shrinkage and volumetric change Particle sizes and distribution Plasticity Presence of fines Specific gravity State of compaction
Soil classification systems
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Grain or particle size classification Textural classification Highway research board classification of soils Indian Standard soil classification
Questions Top>>

Chapter 5 : BITUMINOUS ROADS

General Advantages of bituminous roads Disadvantages of bituminous roads Bituminous materials
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Asphalt Bitumen Cutback bitumen Bitumen emulsion Tar Road oil Primers
Methods of application
I II III IV V VI VII VIII	Surface dressing Prime coat Tack coat Seal coat Grouting Premix Road-mix and travel-plant mix Hot premix and cold premix
Construction of bituminous roads
I II III IV V VI VII VIII	Surface dressing with single coat Surface dressing with two coats Full grout surface of 50 mm and 75 mm thicknesses Semi-grout surface of 50 mm thickness Bitumen bound macadam Bituminous carpet of thickness about 20 mm to 25 mm Bituminous concrete Sheet asphalt of 25 mm thickness
Questions Top>>

Chapter 6 : CEMENT CONCRETE ROADS

General Advantages of cement concrete roads Disadvantages of cement concrete roads Comparison between bituminous concrete roads and cement concrete roads Methods of construction of cement concrete roads
(1) (2) (3)	Alternate bay method Continuous bay method Expansion joint and strip method
Construction procedure for cement concrete roads
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Preparation of subgrade and sub-base Placing of forms Watering the prepared subgrade or sub-base Mixing and placing of concrete Compaction and finishing Belting, brooming and edging Curing Opening to traffic
Joints in cement concrete roads
	Reasons for providing joints Requirements of a good joint Types of joints
Arrangements of transverse joints
(1) (2) (3)	Uniform spacing Staggered spacing Skew spacing
Design of dowel bars Design procedure Joint fillers and sealers Other forms of cement concrete roads
I II III IV V VI VII	Bonded concrete roads Cement macadam roads Colloidal concrete roads Creteways Prestressed concrete roads R.C.C. roads Rolled concrete roads
Questions Top>>

Chapter 7 : TEST FOR HIGHWAY MATERIALS

General Types of road aggregates
I II	Natural aggregates Artificial aggregates
Requirements of a good road aggregate
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Adhesion with bitumen Cementation Durability Hardness Shape Strength Toughness
Tests for road aggregates
I II III IV V VI VII	Abrasion test Crushing test Impact test Shape test Soundness test Specific gravity and water absorption test Stripping value test
Functions of bituminous materials Tests for bituminous materials
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI	Ductility test Flash and fire point test Float test Loss on heating test Penetration test Softening point test Solubility test Specific gravity test Spot test Viscosity test Water content test
Questions Top>>

Chapter 8 : DESIGN OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS

General Types of pavement
(1) (2)	Flexible pavements Rigid pavements
Factors affecting the design of pavements
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Climate Environment Geometry Pavement materials Subgrade soil Traffic
Design of bituminous paving mixes
I II	Marshall method of mix design Hveem method of mix design
Design of flexible pavements
I II	Group index (G.I.) method California bearing ratio (C.B.R.) method
Design of rigid pavements Design parameters for rigid pavements
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H)	Traffic parameters Environmental parameters Foundation strength Foundation surface characteristics Characteristics of concrete Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's ratio Co-efficient of thermal expansion Design of slab thickness
I.R.C. Recommended design procedure
	Design Steps
Questions Top>>

Chapter 9 : OTHER TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

General Brick pavements
I II III	Brick and block pavement Vitrified brick pavement Brick edging
Stone pavements Wooden block pavements Asphaltic block pavements Cast-iron block pavements Rubber block pavements Questions Top>>

Chapter 10 : HILL ROADS

General Importance of hill roads Classification of hill roads
I II III	According to the Border Roads Organization According to general classification According to use
Basic principles of planning of hill roads
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Construction work Existing routes Intensity of traffic Master plan Natural climatic conditions Use of contours
Method of surveying Alignment of hill roads Geometric standards of hill roads
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)	Widths of carriageway, shoulder, roadway and land Camber Stopping sight distance Overtaking sight distance Gradients Super-elevation Radius of horizontal curve Widening at curves Transition curves Hairpin bends Cut slopes Setback distance Passing places Vertical clearance Lateral clearance
Protective works for hill roads
(1) (2) (3)	Retaining walls Breast walls Parapet walls
Drainage in hill roads
	Sub-surface drainage Surface drainage
Maintenance of hill roads
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Control of avalanches Drainage structures Prevention of land slides Snow clearance
Questions Top>>

Chapter 11 : HIGHWAY DRAINAGE

General Sources of water entering the road structure Defects due to improper highway drainage Requirements of good highway drainage system Surface drainage
	Side drains for road in embankment Side drains for road in cutting Design of side drains
Drainage of city or urban roads
I II	Catch basins Inlets
Sub-surface drainage
	Causes of changes in moisture content Situations requiring sub-surface drainage Methods of sub-surface drainage
	I II III	Methods to control capillary rise Methods to control seepage flow Methods to lower water table
Design of filter for drainage trenches Road construction in waterlogged areas Questions Top>>

Chapter 12 : HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE

General Causes of failure of pavements
I II	Failures in flexible pavements Failures in rigid pavements
Typical flexible pavement failures
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Alligator or map cracking Consolidation of pavement layers Formation of waves Frost heaving Lack of binding with the lower course Longitudinal cracking Reflection cracking Shear failure
Typical rigid pavement failures
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Mud pumping Scaling of cement concrete Shrinkage cracks Spalling of joints Structural cracks Warping cracks
Maintenance of earth roads
I II	Normal maintenance Preventive maintenance
Maintenance of gravel roads
I II	Normal repairs Periodical renewal
Maintenance of W.B.M. roads
I II	Normal repairs Surface renewal
Maintenance of bituminous roads
I II III IV V	Patch repairs Preventing skidding of vehicles Reducing reflection cracking Stripping and ravelling Waves and corrugations
Maintenance of cement concrete roads
I II III IV	Maintenance of joints Mud jacking Patch repairs Treatment of cracks
Pavement evaluation Strengthening of existing pavements Important principles in road improvement
(1) (2) (3)	Economy of road improvement Use of low cost roads Wear of roads
Benefits of improved highways Questions Top>>

Chapter 13 : HIGHWAY MAKING MACHINERIES

General Excavation equipment
I II III IV V VI VII VIII	Bulldozer Clamshell Dragline Grader Hoe Power shovel Scarifier Scraper
Compacting equipment Road rollers
(1) (2) (3)	Rubber-tyred or pneumatic rollers Sheep’s foot rollers Smooth wheeled rollers
Equipment for bituminous roads
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Bitumen heaters Bitumen mixers Bitumen truck mixers Pavers
Equipment for cement concrete roads
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)	Batching plant Concrete mixer Vibrating screed Internal vibrator Float Straight edge Belt Fibre brush Miscellaneous
Travelling plant Questions Top>>

Chapter 14 : TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

General Objects of traffic engineering Traffic surveys
I II III IV V VI	Accident survey Origin and destination survey Parking survey Spot speed survey Speed and delay survey Traffic volume survey
Road accidents
	Causes of road accidents Measures to prevent road accidents
Parking
(1) (2)	Kerb or on-street parking Off-street parking
Methods of parking Traffic congestion Traffic control One-way streets
	Advantages of one-way streets Disadvantages of one-way streets
Road junctions or intersections
	Factors in design and operation
Types of intersections
I II	At-grade intersections Grade separations
Traffic control devices
I II III IV	Road markings Road signs Traffic signals Speed breakers
Peculiarities of traffic Questions Top>>

Chapter 15 : HIGHWAY ARBORICULTURE AND LIGHTING

General Highway arboriculture Spacing of trees Types of trees Planting operations
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Excavation of pits Preparation of seedlings Transplanting of seedlings Protection of young plants Watering Numbering of trees
Maintenance of trees
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Disposal of dead and fallen trees Disposal of fruits for fruit-bearing trees Protection against pests Pruning and lopping of branches
Highway lighting Design factors of highway lighting
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Contrast Glare Lamps Lateral placement of lighting poles Lighting layouts Luminaire distribution of light Mounting height and overhang Spacing of lighting units
Benefits of highway lighting Cost considerations of highway lighting
I II III	Design variables Roadway variables Miscellaneous variables
Questions Top>>

Chapter 16 : HIGHWAY ECONOMICS

General Qualifications of an administrator Economics and economy Engineering economy Principles of economic analysis Application of economic analysis to highways Methods of economic analysis
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Equivalent uniform annual cost method (EUAC) Present worth of costs method (PWOC) Equivalent uniform annual net return method (EUANR) Net present value method (NPV) Benefit/cost ratio method (B/C) Rate of return method (ROR) Cost effectiveness method (CE) Points to be remembered Choice of method
Highway costs and consequences
I II	Highway costs Highway consequences
Highway finance Highway administration Questions Top>>

APPENDIX : TYPICAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SIGNS

I II III

Mandatory / Regulatory signs Cautionary / Warning signs Informatory signs Top>>