AIRPORT ENGINEERING by S. C. Rangwala and P. S. Rangwala

The text-matter has been arranged systematically into Eleven Chapters and various complicated topics are explained in lucid language assisted by:

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Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches Illustrative problems Important useful tables Typical questions at the end of the chapters.

Chapter 1   : INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2   : AIRPORT SURVEYS

Chapter 3   : AIRPORT PLANNING

Chapter 4   : RUNWAY DESIGN

Chapter 5   : TAXIWAY DESIGN

Chapter 6   : PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TERMINAL AREA

Chapter 7   : AIRPORT PAVEMENT DESIGN

Chapter 8   : AIRPORT GRADING AND DRAINAGE

Chapter 9   : VISUAL AIDS

Chapter 10 : AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

General Significance of transport
I II III	Economic significance of transport Political significance of transport Social significance of transport
Modes of transport
I II III	Land transport Water transport Air transport
History of aviation Air transportation in India
(1) (2)	Indian airlines corporation Air India airlines corporation
Civil aviation department Open sky policy Airport terminology Component parts of aeroplane
I II III IV V VI VII	Engine Flaps Fuselage Propeller Three Controls Tricycle undercarriage Wings
Aircraft characteristics
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)	Aircraft capacity Aircraft speed Aircraft weight and wheel arrangement Fuel spilling Jet blast Minimum circling radius Minimum turning radius Noise Range Size of aircraft Take off and landing distances Type of propulsion Tyre pressure and contact area
Characteristics of the jet aircraft
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)	Channelization Fuel spilling High-pressure tyres and small contact areas High velocities Hot blasts Noise Porpoising effect Pumping of the joints Sucking effect
Civil and military aircrafts Classification of aerodromes Classification of airports Flying activities
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Millitary operational flights Non-scheduled commercial flights Personal flights Scheduled commercial flights
Questions Top>>

Chapter 2 : AIRPORT SURVEYS

General Objects of surveys
I II III IV V VI VII	Approach zone survey Drainage survey Meteorological survey Natural resources survey Soil survey Topographical survey Traffic survey
Drawings to be prepared
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Drainage plan Grading plan Lighting plan Master plan Obstruction plan Paiving Topographic plan
Questions Top>>

Chapter 3 : AIRPORT PLANNING

General Improvement of existing airport
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Capacity of existing airport Improving the existing capacity Traffic forecast Planning a new airport
Airport site selection
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)	Atmospheric and meteorological conditions Availability of land for expansion Availability of utilities Development of the surrounding area Economy of construction Ground accessibility Presence of other airports Regional plan Soil characteristics Surrounding obstructions Topography Use of airport
Airport size
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Elevation of the airport site Meteorological conditions Performance characteristics of aircrafts Volume of traffic
Forecasting in aviation Airport obstructions
I II	Imaginary surfaces Objects with actual heights
Clear zone Turning zone Zoning laws
(1) (2)	Height zoning Land-use zoning
Regional planning
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Air traffic Existing airport Population Topographical features
Airport architecture
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Features of buildings International airport Materials of construction Plants Seating arrangements Utilization of space
Environmental considerations
I II III	Environmental impact assessment (EIA) Environmental impact statement (EIS) Environmental management plan (EMP)
Factors influenced by airportactivity
I II III IV	Ecological factors Engineering and economic factors Pollution factors Social factors
Questions Top>>

Chapter 4 : RUNWAY DESIGN

General Runway orientation
	Priliminary information required Head wind Cross wind component Wind coverage Wind rose
Change in direction of runway Basic runway length
(1) (2) (3)	Normal landing Normal take off Stopping in emergency
Corrections to basic runway length
(1) (2) (3)	Correction for elevation Correction for gradient Correction for temperature
Geometric design of runways
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Length Longitudinal and effective gradient Rate of change of longitudinal gradient Safety area Sight distance Transverse gradient Width
Balanced field concept Airport capacity Runway patterns
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Single runway Parallel runways Intersecting runways Divergent or open V-runways
Comparison of runway patterns Geometric design of runway intersection Questions Top>>

Chapter 5 : TAXIWAY DESIGN

General Layout of taxiways
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Arrangement Busy airports Crossing Higher turn-off speeds Route
Geometric standards for taxiway
I II III IV V VI VII VIII	Length of taxiway Longitudinal gradient Rate of change of longitudinal gradient Sight distance Transverse gradient Turning radius Width of safety area Width of taxiway
Exit taxiways
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Air traffic control Exit speed Location of runways Number of exits Pilot variability Topographical features Types of aircrafts Weather conditions
Optimum location of exit taxiways Design of exit taxiways
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Angle of turn Compound curve Exit speed Lengths L1 and L2
(5) (6) (7) (8)	Occupancy time Shape of taxiway Stopping distance Turning radius
Loading aprons Holding aprons
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Configuration Entry to the runway Facility of bypass Holding bays Location Peak demands
Fillets Separation clearance Bypass or turnaround taxiway Questions Top>>

Chapter 6 : PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TERMINAL AREA

General Terminal building
I II III IV V VI	Design objectives Facilities to be provided Noise control Planning considerations Site selection Space requirements
Passenger flow
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Arrival Check-in Waiting Security screening Departure Deplaning
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Arrival and departure areas Baggage delivery Information Movement
Parking of vehicles
(1) (2) (3)	Short-term Long-term Remote
Size of apron
I II III	Gate position Number of gates Systems of aircraft parking
Apron turntable Hangars
(1) (2)	Nose hangars T-hangars
Protection from jet blast
(1) (2)	Blast fences Erosion control
Typical airport layouts Layout of military airports Questions Top>>

Chapter 7 : AIRPORT PAVEMENT DESIGN

General Types of pavements
(1) (2)	Flexible pavements Rigid pavements Choice of the type of pavement
Design factors
(1) (2) (3)	Characteristics of construction materials Subgrade soil Wheel load
Design of flexible pavements Design of rigid pavements
(1) (2) (3)	FAA method Method based on Westergaard's analysis PCA method
LCN method of pavement design
	LCN for flexible pavement LCN for rigid pavement
Causes of failure of pavements
I	Failures in flexible pavements
		Failure in subgrade Failure in sub-base or base cources Faillures in wearing course
II	Failures in rigid pavements
Typical flexible pavement failures
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Alligator or map cracking Consolidation of pavement layers Formation of waves Frost heaving Lack of binding with the lower course Longitudinal cracking Reflection cracking Shear failure
Typical rigid pavement failures
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Mud pumping Scaling of cement concrete Shrinkage cracks Spalling of joints Structural cracks Warping cracks
Maintenance and evaluation of airport pavements Aircraft-pavement classification number system Joints in cement concrete pavements
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Expansion joints Contraction joints Warping joints Construction joints
Joint fillers and sealers Pumping Design of overlay pavement
I II	Design of flexible overlay Design of rigid overlay
Pavements for light aircrafts
(1) (2)	Flexible pavements Rigid pavements
Questions Top>>

Chapter 8 : AIRPORT GRADING AND DRAINAGE

General Importance of grading General requirements of grading
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Cuts and fills Drainage Equipment Grade lines Grading plans Ground near landing strips Intersection Subgrade soils
Operations of grading Earthwork computations
(1) (2)	Cross-sectional method Mass-haul curve method
Aims of airport drainage Functions of airport drainage Special characteristics of airport drainage Basic requirements of airport drainage system
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Capacity Future expansion Rapid drainage Strength
Surface drainage
I II III IV V	Objectives of surface drainage Time of concentration Estimating runoff Design procedure Layout of surface drainage
Ponding
	Meaning of the term Necessity Importance Location Design process
Sub-surface drainage
I II III IV V VI	Functions of sub-surface drainage Changes in moisture content Base course and subgrade drainage Intercepting drainage Drainability of soils Methods of sub-surface drainage
Types of pipes
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Bell and spigot pipes Perforated pipes Porous concrete pipes Skip pipes
Filler materials Questions Top>>

Chapter 9 : VISUAL AIDS

General Requirements of pilots for visual aids Daytime with clear weather Night and daytime with bad weather Airport markings
I II III IV V VI	Apron marking Landing direction indicator Runway marking Shoulder marking Taxiway marking Wind direction indicator
Guidance to pilots during landing
(1) (2) (3)	Alignment guidance Height information Visual parameters
Factors affecting airport lighting Elements of airport lighting
I II	Airport beacon Approach lighting
	(1) (2)	Calvert system ICAO system
III IV V VI VII VIII IX	Apron and hangar lighting Boundary lighting Lighting of landing direction indicator Lighting of wind direction indicator Runway lighting Taxiway lighting Threshold lighting
Other associated visual aids Visibility Questions Top>>

Chapter 10 : AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

General Importance of air traffic control Flight rures
(1) (2) (3) (4)	Meaning Principle Responsibility Type of control
Air traffic control network
(1) (2) (3)	Control centres Control towers Flight service stations
Air traffic control aids
I II	En route aids or airway aids Landing aids or terminal aids
Automation in air traffic control aids Questions Top>>

Chapter 11 : HELIPORTS AND STOLPORTS

General Advantages of helicopters
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Bad weather Future prospects Military operation Saving in time Utility
Characteristics of helicopter
(1) (2)	Flight characteristics Physical characteristics
Planning of heliports
I II III IV V VI VII	Selection of site Size of landing area Orientation of landing area Terminal area Obstruction clearance requirements Marking of heliports Lighting of heliports
Elevated heliports Heliports at airports Characteristics of STOL aircraft Advantages of STOL aircraft
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Intercity transportation Noise Operation Runway length Use of airspace
Planning of stolports
I II III IV V VI	Obstruction clearance requirements Runway length Runway width Taxiway width Marking of stolports Laighting of stolports
Questions Top>>