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HARBOUR, DOCK AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING by R. Srinivasan

The Section I —
Harbour and Dock Engineering, is well-divided in twelve chapters including chapter on ‘Planning and Layout of Ports’. Also the approach of the write-up has been changed according to the form of facilities and requirements of Harbours and Ports.

The Section II —
Tunnel Engineering, is also well-divided in twelve chapters including newly developed methods like New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), Shield methods and chapters on ‘Stages in Tunnel Construction’, ‘Tunnelling in Water Bearing Soils’ and also ‘Health Protection in Tunnels’ have been incorporated.

Salient features of this book:

* 230 * 310

Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches, photographs and more than, Examination questions at the end of each chapter.

Price	:	Rs. 90-00
Edition	:	Twenty Third Revised Edition : 2009
ISBN	:	978-81-85594-89-7
Book Size	:	135 mm × 210 mm
Binding	:	Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages	:	408 + 16

Section I : HARBOUR AND DOCK ENGINEERING

Chapter 1   : HARBOURS AND PORTS

Chapter 2   : NATURAL PHENOMENA : TIDES, WIND AND WAVES

Chapter 3   : PROTECTION FACILITIES : MOUND BREAKWATER

Chapter 4   : PROTECTION FACILITIES : WALL TYPE AND SPECIAL BREAKWATERS

Chapter 5   : PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF PORTS

Chapter 6   : DOCKING FACILITIES

Chapter 7   : REPAIRING FACILITIES

Chapter 8   : APPROACH FACILITIES

Chapter 9   : LOADING UNLOADING FACILITIES

Chapter 10 : STORING FACILITIES

Chapter 11 : DREDGING FACILITIES

Chapter 12 : GUIDING FACILITIES

Section II : TUNNEL ENGINEERING

Chapter 13 : GENERAL ASPECTS

Chapter 14 : STAGES IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION

Chapter 15 : SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND TUNNELLING METHODS

Chapter 16 : OTHER METHODS OF TUNNELLING IN SOFT SOILS

Chapter 17 : TUNNELLING IN WATER BEARING SOILS

Chapter 18 : TUNNELLING IN ROCK

Chapter 19 : THE NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING METHOD (NATM)

Chapter 20 : SHAFTS

Chapter 21 : TUNNEL LINING

Chapter 22 : DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS

Chapter 23 : TUNNEL VENTILATION, DUST PREVENTION AND LIGHTING

Chapter 24 : HEALTH PROTECTION IN TUNNELS

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Chapter 1 : HARBOURS AND PORTS

1-1 1-2	Introduction Water transportation
	(1) (2)	Inland water transportation Ocean water transportation
1-3	Classification of harbours
1-3-1	Classification of harbour depending upon the protection needed
	(1)	Natural harbours or natural roadsteads
			Natural roadsteads
	(2) (3)	Semi-natural harbours Artificial harbours or artificial roadsteads
			Artificial roadsteads
1-3-2	Classification of harbour depending upon the utility
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Harbours of refuge Commercial harbours Fishery harbours Military harbours Marina harbours
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Definition Classification Facilities provided on marinas
1-3-3	Classification of harbour based upon the location
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Canal harbour Lake harbour River or estuary harbour Sea or ocean harbour
1-4	Accessibility and size of harbours
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)	Site selection Shape of the harbour Harbour depth Marine surveys Harbour planning Features of a port Defects in harbours Requirements of a good harbour Ship characteristics Terms common for ship characteristics
1-5	Ports
	(1) (2)	General Classification of ports
1-6	Indian ports
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Bombay port Nhava-Sheva port Kandla port Alang - Ship-breaking yard
1-7 1-8	Requirements of a good port Facilities at a major port
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)	Protection facilities Dredging facilities Entrance facilities Guiding facilities Locking facilities Turning facilities Docking facilities Loading-unloading facilities Storage facilities Repairing facilities Administrative facilities Offshore terminal facilities Quarantine inspection facilities
1-9	Port design Questions Top>>

Chapter 2 : NATURAL PHENOMENA : TIDES, WIND AND WAVES

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4	General Littoral drift Sea water waves Tide generation
		Tidal waves and tidal feary
2-5	Lunar tides
	(1) (2) (3)	Semi-diurnal tide Diurnal tide Mixed tide
2-6 2-7	Solar tides Tides due to Moon and Sun
	(1) (2)	Tides on full moon days and new moon days Tides on points of quadrature
2-8 2-9	Total number of tides Major tides
		Spring tides and neap tides
2-10	Water levels of sea during tides and tidal ranges
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Mean sea level Low water High water Highest high water Lowest low water Higher high water Lower low water Diurnal range
2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15	Uses of tides Effect of tides Age or establishment of tide Tide prediction Wind and waves
	(1) (2)	Beaufort scale Factors affecting wind patterns
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Action of mass of water Location Rotation of earth
	(3) (4) (5) (6)	Types of wind water waves Wave parameters Relation between height and length of waves Wave action
2-16	Dynamical effect of wave action
	(1) (2)	In deep water In shallow water
2-17	Modification of sea waves
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Decaying of waves Breaking of waves Reflection of waves Refraction of waves Diffraction of waves
2-18 2-19 2-20	Air compression Water hammer Shore protection works
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Sea-walls, bulkheads and revetments Protective beaches or spending beaches Sand dunes Groynes Off-shore breakwater
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 3 : PROTECTION FACILITIES : MOUND BREAKWATER

3-1	General
	(1) (2)	Alignment Design information and considerations
		(i) (ii)	Information Considerations
	(3)	Forces acting on breakwaters
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Hydrostatic forces External forces Solvent action of sea water Sea insects
3-2 3-3 3-4	Classification of breakwaters Heap or mound breakwater Selection of type of breakwater
		Functions of components of mound breakwater
		(1) (2) (3)	Interior or hearth or core Filter or secondary armours Armour blocks
3-5 3-6 3-7	Details of energy dissipation in mound breakwater Characteristics of mound breakwater Rubble mound breakwater
	(1) (2) (3)	Types of rubble mound breakwater Advantages and disadvantages of mound type breakwater Design aspects of rubble mound breakwaters
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Length Top width or crest width Height of construction upto crest level Side slops
			(a) (b) (c)	Castro's equation Irribarren's equation Castro-Irribarren's equation
3-8 3-9	Concrete block mound breakwater Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by concrete blocks
	(1) (2)	Concrete blocks placed in pell-mell fashion Concrete blocks placed in compacted fashion
3-10	Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by patented stones
	(1)	Tetrapods
		(i) (ii) (iii)	General Specifications Characteristics of tetrapods
	(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Tribars Modified cubes Dollosse Akman armour Stabit armour Advantages of patented stones Mound formation
3-11	Mound with superstructure or composite breakwater
	(1) (2)	Mound with superstructure founded at low water level Mound with superstructure founded below low water level
			Stability of mounds
3-12	Mound construction
	(1) (2)	General Methods of construction
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Barge method Staging method Low level method
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 4 : PROTECTION FACILITIES : WALL TYPE AND SPECIAL BREAKWATERS

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4	Wall type breakwater Types of wall breakwater Causes of failure Forces on upright wall breakwater
	(1)	Shearing of bed joints due to horizontal pressure of the wave
		(i) (ii)	The resistance offered by the adhesive force of the mortar joint Frictional resistance to sliding
	(2) (3) (4)	Overturning Uplift Fracture
4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8	Essentials for wall type breakwater Advantages of wall breakwater Disadvantages of wall breakwater Typical cross-section of wall breakwater
		Alternate cross-section of wall breakwater
4-9 4-10	Method of construction — Staging system Bonds
	(1)	Bonds for wall breakwater of smaller units
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Dovetail bond Piano bond Plain slicing bond Slicing bond with saw teeth
	(2)	Bonds for wall breakwater in mass concrete
4-11	Wall type breakwater of larger units
	(1) (2)	Mass concrete Caisson wall breakwater
4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15	Breakwater height Breakwater failures Comparison of mound type and wall type breakwaters Special breakwaters
	(1) (2)	General Types of special breakwater
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Floating type breakwater Hydraulic breakwater Pneumatic breakwater
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 5 : PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF PORTS

5-1 5-2	General Facilities at a port
	(1) (2)	Facilities to be provided on land Facilities connected with basin water
5-3	Layout of ports
	(1) (2)	Square layout Rectangular layout
		(i) (ii)	Simple rectangular layout Rectangular layout with central pier
	(3) (4) (5)	Machicolated layout Tridentine layout Digital layout
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 6 : DOCKING FACILITIES

6-1 6-2 6-3	General Classification of docks Classification of wet docks
	(1) (2)	Wet docks in tidal basins Wet docks in enclosed or impounded basins
6-4	Advantages and disadvantages of tidal wet docks
	(1) (2)	Advantages of tidal basins Disadvantages of tidal basins
6-5	Advantages and disadvantages of enclosed wet docks
	(1) (2)	Advantages of wet docks or impounded-basins Disadvantages of wet docks or impounded-basins
6-6 6-7	River ports Form and arrangements of basins and docks
	(1) (2)	Approaches to basins and docks Depth of docks and basins
			Excavation for docks and basins
	(3)	Shape of docks and basins
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Recatangular shape Diamond shape Inclined pier shape
	(4) (5) (6)	Location Internal arrangement Other aspects
6-8	Design and construction of basin or dock walls
	(1) (2) (3)	Design condition Design loads Effect of loads
6-9 6-10	Other aspects of construction details Dock entrances
	(1) (2)	Wooden or iron gates Caissons
		(i) (ii)	Sliding caisson Ship caisson
6-11	Sizes of dock entrances Questions Top>>

Chapter 7 : REPAIRING FACILITIES

7-1 7-2	General Classification of repairing facilities
	(1) (2)	Repairing facilities in fixed form Repairing facilities in movable form
7-3 7-4	Graving dry dock Facilities to be provided at a graving dry dock
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Lifting Compressed air supply Supply of salt water Supply of fresh water Electrical power supply Pulling equipment Anchoring facilities in form of bollards Supporting facilities
		(i) (ii)	Supporting the ship from sides Supporting the ship from bottom
				Keel blocks Bilge blocks or side blocks
	(9)	Pumping and flooding facilities
7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8	Method of dry docking Size of graving dock Forces acting on a graving dock Conditions for design of graving dock
	(1) (2)	Dock empty Dock filled with water
7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12	Scheme of constructing graving dock Design of graving dock floor Marine railway dry dock Slipways
	(1)	Components of slipways
		(i)	Flat footed tails Crane track foundations Cradle or carriages
	(2)	Travelling slipways
7-13 7-14 7-15	Lift dry dock Floating type dry dock Types of floating docks
	(1) (2) (3)	Rigid type floating docks Self docking type floating docks Self docking offshore type floating docks
7-16	Design considerations for floating docks
	(1) (2)	When loaded with a ship When unloaded and floating
7-17	Advantages and disadvantages of floating dry dock
	(1) (2)	Advantages of floating dry dock Disadvantages of floating dry dock
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 8 : APPROACH FACILITIES

8-1 8-2 8-3	General Direction of an entrance Direction of entrance for river harbours
	(1) (2) (3)	Pointing downstream Pointing upstream Pointing midstream
8-4	Dimensions of entrances
	(1) (2) (3)	Width Depth of water Length of entrance
8-5	Types of entrances
	(1) (2)	Entrance without gates Entrance with gates
		(i)	Entrance with single pair of gates
			(a) (b)	Ebb gates Storm gates or flood gates
		(ii)	Entrances with two or three pairs of gates
8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9	Entrance locks Lock foundations Dimensions of entrances and locks Construction of lock gates
	(i) (ii)	Wooden gates Iron gates
8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13	Forces on the gates Shape of gates Support for dock gates Working of gates Questions Top>>

Chapter 9 : LOADING UNLOADING FACILITIES

9-1 9-2	General Design of quay walls
	(1) (2)	Factors affecting the design of quay walls Forces on quay walls
9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7	Types of quay walls Other details of quay walls Wharves Piers Types of piers
	(1) (2)	The floor The supporting part Trestle pier
9-8 9-9 9-10	Additional points for piers Pierheads Dolphins
	(1)	Types of dolphins
		(i) (ii)	Breasting dolphins Mooring dolphins
	(2)	Classification of dolphins
		(i) (ii)	Flexible dolphins Rigid dolphins
9-11 9-12 9-13	Jetties Differences between wharf and jetty Fenders
	(1) (2)	General Types of fenders
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Timber piles fenders with springs Rubber fenders Pneumatic fenders
	(3)	Classification of fenders
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Rubbing strips Timber grill Gravity-type fendering system Rubber fendering
9-14 9-15	Slip Moles Questions Top>>

Chapter 10 : STORING FACILITIES

10-1 10-2 10-3	General Aprons Transit sheds
	(1) (2)	Construction requirements of transit shed Other necessity of transit shed
10-4 10-5	Design of transit shed Warehouses
		Location
10-6 10-7	Cold storages Guard houses Questions Top>>

Chapter 11 : DREDGING FACILITIES

11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5	General Primary dredging Maintenance dredging Disposal of the dredged material Types of dredging devices
	(1)	Dipper dredge
		(i) (ii)	Operation Advantages of dipper dredge
	(2)	Grapple dredge
		(i) (ii)	Operation Advantages of grapple dredge
	(3)	Continuous bucket elevator or ladder dredge
		(i) (ii)	Operation Advantages of continuous bucket elevator or ladder dredge
	(4)	Hydraulic or suction dredge
		(i) (ii)	Operation Advantages of hydraulic or suction dredge
11-6 11-7	Choice of dredger Execution of dredging work
	(1)	Dredging work by granting contract
		(i) (ii)	Advantages of contract dredging Disadvantages of contract dredging
	(2)	Dredging work by employing labour
		(i) (ii)	Advantages of direct labour dredging Disadvantages of direct labour dredging
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 12 : GUIDING FACILITIES

12-1 12-2 12-3	Necessity for guiding facilities Fixed and floating light stations Lighthouse
	(1) (2)	Lighthouse construction Lights of lighthouse
12-4	Signals
	(1) (2)	Requirements of a signal Types of signals
12-5	Light signals
	(1) (2) (3)	Light ships Beacons Buoys
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Mooring buoys Wreck buoys Buoyage system
12-6 12-7 12-8 12-9	Fog signals Audible signals Moorings Mooring accessories
	(1)	Mooring accessories for the fixed type
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Mooring port Bollard Capstan
	(2)	Mooring accessories for the floating type
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Buoys Cables Anchors
12-10	Off-shore moorings Questions Top>>

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Chapter 13 : GENERAL ASPECTS

13-1 13-2 13-3	General Categories of obstacles Definitions
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Tunnel Open cut Bridge Surface road
13-4	Advantages and disadvantages of tunnels and open cuts
		Advantages of tunnels Disadvantages of tunnels Advantages of open cuts Disadvantages of open cuts
13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9	History of tunnels constructed Developments in tunnelling methods Important years in tunnel construction Economics of tunnelling Selection of alignment of tunnel
	(1) (2)	Alignment restraints Environmental considerations
13-10	Classification of tunnels
	(1) (2) (3)	Classification according to alignment Classification according to purpose Classification according to type of material met with in the construction
13-11	Tunnel approaches Questions Top>>

Chapter 14 : STAGES IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION

14-1	Investigations
	(1) (2) (3)	Investigations before planning Investigations at the time of planning Investigations at the time of construction
		(i) (ii)	Heading Driving dirft
14-2	Setting out of tunnel
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Setting out tunnel on ground surface Transfer of centre line from surface to underground Underground setting out Underground levelling
14-3	Methods of getting extra faces to work upon
	(i) (ii)	By shaft construction By driving pilot tunnel
14-4	Excavation
	(1)	Drilling of holes
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Percussion drills Abrasion drills Fusion piercing Special drills
	(2) (3)	Selection of drilling equipment Types of mounts
		(i) (ii)	Fixed mounts Movable mounts
14-5	Blasting
	(1)	Types of explosives
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)	Straight dynamites Ammonia dynamites Ammonia gelatine Semi-gelatine Blasting agents Slurries or water gels
	(2)	Cuts
		(i) (ii)	Angle cut Burn cut
	(3) (4)	Theory of blasting Quantity of rock released
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)	Nature of rock Depth of hole Power of explosive Inclination of holes Number of holes to be fired Number of free faces for holes Stages of firing holes Patterns of drilled holes
14-6 14-7	Temporary supports Permanent supports
	(1) (2)	Rock bolting Bearing plates
		(i) (ii)	Rock bolt-group I Rock bolt-group II
14-8 14-9 14-10	Ventilation at the time of construction Muck removal Supplementary operations
	(1) (2) (3)	Checking of soundness of freshly cut surface Contour trimming Sealing of cracks, weak zones, etc.
14-11	Design of shape and size
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	'D' section Circular section Rectangular section Egg-shaped section Horse-shoe form
14-12	Miscellaneous
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Problems of tunnelling Progress of tunnelling work Procedure of work Twin tunnels Portals Emergency services
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 15 : SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND TUNNELLING METHODS

15-1 15-2	Soil classification Choice of method
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Equipment available Method of sequence of excavation Size of tunnel Type of ground
15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6 15-7 15-8 15-9 15-10 15-11 15-12	Methods of tunnelling (soft soils) Forepoling method Needle beam method Army method or case method American method English method Belgian method German method Austrian method Timbering in soft soil tunnelling Questions Top>>

Chapter 16 : OTHER METHODS OF TUNNELLING IN SOFT SOILS

16-1	Liner plates method
	(1) (2) (3)	Stiffening ribs Use for liner plates without ribs Use of liner plates with ribs
16-2	Tunnelling with shield
	(1) (2)	General Dimensions of shield
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Length Shape of shield Cross sectional area
16-3	Parts of shield
	(1) (2) (3)	Cutting edge or leading edge Central part or trunk portion Tail or rear portion
16-4	Terms commonly used with shield
	(1) (2) (3)	Shove of shield Lenth of shove Open shove, blind shove and partially blind shove
16-5	Primary lining
	(1) (2)	General Requirements for primary lining
16-6 16-7	General steps of tunnelling with shield Shield tunnelling in different types of soils
		Shield tunnelling in stiff clay
16-8	Common equipment with shield
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Supporting means or supporting equipment Gravel tank Chute Trailing dam
16-9	Stages of using the shield
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Excavation stage Mucking and hauling stage Advancement or shoving stage Erection of tunnel lining stage Grouting caulking and drainage stage
16-10	Mechanized shields
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Rotary wheel type Planetary cutting assemblies Oscillatory type mechanized shield Auger head cutting assemblies Active horizontal shelf shield Water jets
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 17 : TUNNELLING IN WATER BEARING SOILS

17-1 17-2 17-3	General Well points system Equipment with plenum process of tunnelling or compressed air method
	(1) (2)	Bulkhead Air-lock
			Types of air-lock
			(i) (ii) (iii)	Man air-lock Material air-lock Emergency air-lock
17-4 17-5	Various pipes and conduits Compressors, generators and pressure gauges
	(1) (2) (3)	Compressor units Generator units Pumps
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Water carrying conduits Equipments to read Fire fighting equipment Low pressure and high pressure alarms
17-6	Methods of tunneling in water bearing soils Questions Top>>

Chapter 18 : TUNNELLING IN ROCK

18-1 18-2 18-3	General Sequence of operations for tunnelling in rock Faces of operation for tunnelling in rock
	(1) (2)	System of vertical shafts System of pilot tunnels
18-4	Methods of tunnelling in rock
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Drift method Heading and bench method Full face method Cantilever car dump method
18-5 18-6 18-7 18-8	Mucking Mucking in steep grade tunnelling Hauling Other aspects
	(1) (2)	Drilling Drill-hole patterns
		(i) (ii)	Pyramidal cut pattern Centre cut - 'V' type cut pattern
	(3) (4) (5) (6)	Depth of bore holes Precaution in locating drill holes Types of drills and their uses Support for drills
18-9	Drill-bits
	(1) (2)	Forged bits Detachable bits
18-10 18-11 18-12	Nipper cars Explosives Safety precautions in rock tunnelling Questions Top>>

Chapter 19 : THE NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING METHOD (NATM)

19-1 19-2	General NATM concept
		Explanation of basic concept
19-3 19-4	Main features of NATM Details of NATM at Loktak
		Rock bolting Grouting
19-5	Review of rock bolt system
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Wooden dowels Untensioned anchored or grouted steel dowels Tensioned mechanically anchored bolts Grouted tensioned rock bolts
19-6	Conclusion Questions Top>>

Chapter 20 : SHAFTS

20-1 20-2 20-3 20-4	General Advantages of shafts Size and location of shafts Shafts in rock
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Drilling Mucking Timbering Pumping
			Raising
20-5 20-6	Shaft construction in rock Shaft sinking in soft ground
	(1) (2)	Shallow shafts - method of sinking Deep shafts
20-7	Design of shaft supports
		Precautions in shaft sinking worked in soft soils
20-8 20-9	Protection round the shaft opening Classification of shafts Questions Top>>

Chapter 21 : TUNNEL LINING

21-1 21-2 21-3	Necessity of lining Objects of tunnel lining Materials for lining
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Masonry Stone masonry Cement concrete Timber Cast-iron
21-4	Design of thickness of lining
	General
	(1)	Timber lining
		(i) (ii)	Parts of timber lining Fixing of timber lining
	(2)	Concrete lining
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Moulds for concrete lining Steel formwork and their use Placing of concrete Curving of concrete
21-5	The sequence of lining a tunnel
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)	Placing the entire lining in one operation Placing the invert first and the rest of the lining next Placing the invert first, the sides next and finally the roof Placing side walls first, then roof and finally invert Curbs installed at the sides first, then walls and roofs and finally invert
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 22 : DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS

22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4

General Pre-drainage Dewatering Permanent drainage Questions Top>>

Chapter 23 : TUNNEL VENTILATION, DUST PREVENTION AND LIGHTING

23-1	General
	(i) (ii)	Temporary ventilation Permanent ventilation
23-2	Temporary ventilation
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Objects Natural and mechanical ventilation Requirements of a temporary ventilating system Volume of air considerations Causes of making the tunnel atmosphere foul Natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Blowing or plenum process Exhausting or veccum process Combination of blowing and exhausting process
	(8)	Equipments for ventilation
23-3	Dust prevention
	(1) (2)	General Dust control methods
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Wet drilling Use of vaccum hood Use of respirators
23-4	Lighting
	(1) (2)	General Types of tunnel lights
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Lanterns and lamp burning oil Coal gas lightening Acetylene gas lightening Electric lightening
23-5	Permanent ventilation
	(1) (2)	General Permanent ventilation for long tunnels Systems or methods of permanent ventilation
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Longitudinal system of ventilation Transverse ventilation system Combination of longitudinal and transverse systems methods Semi-lateral system Permanent ventilation
	Questions Top>>

Chapter 24 : HEALTH PROTECTION IN TUNNELS

24-1 24-2 24-3	General Safety measures Health protection
	(1) (2)	Silicosis Coisson diseases
	Questions Top>>