Programming in C

PROGRAMMING
IN
C
[IN GUJARATI LANGUAGE]
by
Jignesh Shah

Price	:	Rs. 190-00	Also Available in ENGLISH Programming in 'C' [First Edition : 2006] by Jignesh Shah
Edition	:	First Edition : 2003
ISBN	:	81-85594-22-8
Book Size	:	170 mm × 240 mm
Binding	:	Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages	:	480 + 16

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CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : ‘C’ FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 2 : OPERATORS AND INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS

Chapter 3 : STATEMENT, BRANCHING AND LOOPING

Chapter 4 : ‘C’ FUNCTIONS – USER DEFINED FUNCTION

Chapter 5 : STORAGE CLASSES

Chapter 6 : ARRAY

Chapter 7 : POINTERS

Chapter 8 : STRUCTURES AND UNIONS

Chapter 9 : WORKING WITH FILES

Chapter 10 : INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

Chapter 11 : SPECIAL PROGRAMS

APPENDICIES

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DETAILED CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : ‘C’ FUNDAMENTALS

1-1
1-2 Introduction
Features of ‘C’

(1)
(2)
(3) General purpose language
Structured programming language
Middle level language

(i)
(ii) Lower level language
Higher level language

(4)
(5)
(6) Portable language
Free style language
Case sensitive language

1-3
1-4 Advantages of ‘C’
Structure of a ‘C’ program

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6) #include
Comments
main( )
Braces
printf
Semicolon

1-5
1-6 getch( ) and clrscr( )
Watch, output and trace into

(1)
(2)
(3) Setting watches
Trace into
Output screen

1-7
1-8 Writing, compiling and running a ‘C’ program
Character set

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Letters
digits
Special characters
White space

1-9
1-10 Keywords
Identifiers

Rules for identifiers

1-11 Data–types

(1)
(2) void
Integral data–type

(i)
(ii) Integer
Character

(3) Floating–point types

1-12 Constants

(1) Integer constants

(i)
(ii)
(iii) Octal integer constant
Hexadecimal integer constant
Unsigned and long integer constant

(2) Floating–point constant

(i)
(ii) Fractional form
Exponential form

(3)
(4) Character constant
String constant

1-13
1-14
1-15 Symbolic constants
Escape sequence
Variables and their declarations

Declaration of variable

1-16 Shortcut keys

(1)
(2)
(3) Curser movement commands
Block commands
Other important commands

Exercises
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Chapter 2 : OPERATORS AND INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS

2-1
2-2 Introduction
Arithmetic operators

Precedence of Arithmetic operators

2-3 Unary operators

(1)
(2)
(3) Unary Minus
Increment operator and decrement operator
Size of operator

Precedence of Unary operators

2-4

Relational operators

Precedence of Relational operator

2-5 Equality operators

Precedence of equality operators

2-6 Logical operators

(1)
(2)
(3) AND Operator
OR Operator
NOT Operator

Precedence of logical operators

2-7 Assignment operators

(1) = : assign the value
Difference between Assignment Operator (=) and Equality Operator (= =)

(2) + =, - =, * =, /= and %= : add then assign, subtract then assign, multiply then assign, divide then assign and evaluate remainder then assign

2-8
2-9
2-10 Conditional operator
Precedence of operators
Library functions

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Input / Output Operation
For Operation on character
For operation on string
For Arithmetic operations

2-11 Type conversion

Type conversion in assignments

2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19 Input – output functions
Getcharacter function
Putcharacter function
Scanf function
Printf function
Getstring function
Putstring function
Field – width

Rules for field-width

2-20
Typical programs
Exercises
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Chapter 3 : STATEMENT, BRANCHING AND LOOPING

3-1 Introduction

(1)
(2) Condition checking
Body of the loop

3-2 If statement

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) Simple if statement
if...... else statement
Compound if statement
Nested if......else statement
else if ladder

3-3 For loop

(1)
(2)
(3) Initialization
Condition checking
Increment / Decrement

Nesting of for loops
Programs of nested for loop

3-4
While loop

Nesting of while loop

3-5 Do – while loop

(1)
(2)
for and do – while
while and do – while

Nesting of do – while loop

3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
The switch statement
Break statement
Exit function
Continue statement
Goto statement
Gotoxy function
Special programs
Exercises
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Chapter 4 : ‘C’ FUNCTIONS – USER DEFINED FUNCTION

4-1
4-2
4-3 Introduction
Needs/importance/advantages
Function Definition

(1)
(2) First line
Body of the function

4-4
4-5
4-6 Return statement
Calling a function
Function prototyping

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) No argument, No returntype
No argument, With returntype
With argument, Without returntype
With argument, With returntype

4-7 Passing arguments to a function

(1)
(2) Call by value
Call by reference

4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11 Nesting of functions
Recursion
Typical Programs
Macros
Exercises
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Chapter 5 : STORAGE CLASSES

5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4 Introduction
Types of storage classes
Automatic variables
External variable

Difference between external variable definition and declaration
Inherent dangers of external variables

5-5
5-6
5-7
Static variable
Register variable
Multifile Programming

Rules associated with the use of functions in multifile programming
Variables in multifile programs
How to run multifile programs

Exercises
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Chapter 6 : ARRAY

6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
6-11
6-12
Introduction
What is an array?
Defining one-dimensional array
Initializing arrays
Processing an array
Passing array to function
Two-dimensional arrays
Initializing two-dimensional arrays
Array and strings
Declaration and initialization of strings
How to input strings?
How to print strings to the screen?

(1)
(2)
(3) %s
putchar( )
puts( )

6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-18 Finding length of a string
Copying strings
Comparison of two strings
Reversing a string
Concatenating strings
String handling functions

(1)
(2) String length functions
String copy functions

(i)
(ii) strcpy( )
strncpy( )

(3) String compare functions

(i)
(ii) strcmp( )
strcmpi( )

(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) String reverse functions
String concatenate function
String lower functions
String upper functions
String set function
Bytes swapping function

6-19 Typical programs
Exercises
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Chapter 7 : POINTERS

7-1
7-2
7-3 Introduction
What is pointer?
Declaration and initialization of pointers

(1)
(2)
(3) char *ch
int *number
float *fptr

7-4 ‘&’ and '*' operators

(1)
(2) &
'*'

7-5
7-6
7-7 Pointer and one-dimensional arrays
Pointer and two-dimensional array
Dynamic memory allocation

Allocating a block of memory
Freeing the used space
Modifying block size

7-8
7-9
7-10 Operations on pointers
Pointer and functions
Functions returning pointers
Exercises
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Chapter 8 : STRUCTURES AND UNIONS

8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8
8-9
8-10
8-11
8-12
Introduction
Structure declaration
Dot operator
How to give values to structure members?
Structure initialization
Using unary operators with structures
Using assignment operator with structure
Array of structures
Arrays within structures
Structures within structures – nested structure
Structures and functions
Structures and pointers

How pointers to structure variables declare?
How a structure is accessed using its pointer?

8-13
8-14
8-15 Typedef feature of ‘C’
Unions
Typical programs

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) Structure time
gettime( )
kbhit( )
delay( )

Exercises
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Chapter 9 : WORKING WITH FILES

9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4 Introduction
Opening a file
Closing a data-file
File input/output functions

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
putc( ) function
getc( ) function
fputc( ) function
fgetc function
fputs( ) function
fgets( ) function
putw( ) function
getw function
fwrite function
fread function
fprintf function
fscanf function

9-5
9-6
9-7 Opening a file in append mode
A program to copy a file
Error handling during file I/O operation

(1)
(2) feof function
ferror function

9-8 Movement of file pointer

(1)
(2)
(3) fseek function
ftell( ) function
rewind function

Exercises
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Chapter 10 : INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

10-1
10-2 Introduction
Needs for object oriented programming

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6) Procedural languages
Division into functions
Problems with structured programming
Data undervalued
Relationship to the real world
New data types

10-3
10-4 Object Oriented Approach
Characteristics of OOP language

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) Classes and objects
Data abstraction and encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism and overloading
Creating new data types

10-5 Something about C++

(1)
(2)
cout – output operator
cin – input operator

10-6 Examples on C++
Exercises
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Chapter 11 : SPECIAL PROGRAMS

APPENDICIES

APPENDIX A Flowchart and Algorithm

A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8 Introduction
Algorithm
Characteristics
Flowchart
Flowchart symbols
Computer flowcharting symbols
Arithmetic operators and comparators
Typical flowcharts

APPENDIX B BIT operators

B-1
B-2
B-3 Introduction
Bitwise operators
Bitwise logical operators

(1)
(2)
(3) Bitwise AND operator
Bitwise OR operator
Bitwise exclusive OR

B-4 Bitwise shift operators

(1)
(2) Left shift operator
Right shift operators

B-5 Bitwise complement operator

APPENDIX C ASCII character set table

C-1
C-2
C-3
Control character set
Printing character set
Extended ASCII character set

APPENDIX D APPENDIX E Operators precedence table
Standard library functions

E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9
E-10
E-11
E-12 alloc.h
conio.h
ctype.h
dir.h
dos.h
io.h
graphics.h
math.h
stdio.h
stdlib.h
String.h
time.h
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1-1 1-2	Introduction Features of ‘C’
	(1) (2) (3)	General purpose language Structured programming language Middle level language
		(i) (ii)	Lower level language Higher level language
	(4) (5) (6)	Portable language Free style language Case sensitive language
1-3 1-4	Advantages of ‘C’ Structure of a ‘C’ program
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	#include Comments main( ) Braces printf Semicolon
1-5 1-6	getch( ) and clrscr( ) Watch, output and trace into
	(1) (2) (3)	Setting watches Trace into Output screen
1-7 1-8	Writing, compiling and running a ‘C’ program Character set
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Letters digits Special characters White space
1-9 1-10	Keywords Identifiers
		Rules for identifiers
1-11	Data–types
	(1) (2)	void Integral data–type
		(i) (ii)	Integer Character
	(3)	Floating–point types
1-12	Constants
	(1)	Integer constants
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Octal integer constant Hexadecimal integer constant Unsigned and long integer constant
	(2)	Floating–point constant
		(i) (ii)	Fractional form Exponential form
	(3) (4)	Character constant String constant
1-13 1-14 1-15	Symbolic constants Escape sequence Variables and their declarations
		Declaration of variable
1-16	Shortcut keys
	(1) (2) (3)	Curser movement commands Block commands Other important commands
	Exercises Top>>

4-1 4-2 4-3	Introduction Needs/importance/advantages Function Definition
	(1) (2)	First line Body of the function
4-4 4-5 4-6	Return statement Calling a function Function prototyping
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	No argument, No returntype No argument, With returntype With argument, Without returntype With argument, With returntype
4-7	Passing arguments to a function
	(1) (2)	Call by value Call by reference
4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11	Nesting of functions Recursion Typical Programs Macros Exercises Top>>

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4	Introduction Types of storage classes Automatic variables External variable
		Difference between external variable definition and declaration Inherent dangers of external variables
5-5 5-6 5-7	Static variable Register variable Multifile Programming
		Rules associated with the use of functions in multifile programming Variables in multifile programs How to run multifile programs
	Exercises Top>>

6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12	Introduction What is an array? Defining one-dimensional array Initializing arrays Processing an array Passing array to function Two-dimensional arrays Initializing two-dimensional arrays Array and strings Declaration and initialization of strings How to input strings? How to print strings to the screen?
	(1) (2) (3)	%s putchar( ) puts( )
6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18	Finding length of a string Copying strings Comparison of two strings Reversing a string Concatenating strings String handling functions
	(1) (2)	String length functions String copy functions
		(i) (ii)	strcpy( ) strncpy( )
	(3)	String compare functions
		(i) (ii)	strcmp( ) strcmpi( )
	(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)	String reverse functions String concatenate function String lower functions String upper functions String set function Bytes swapping function
6-19	Typical programs Exercises Top>>

7-1 7-2 7-3	Introduction What is pointer? Declaration and initialization of pointers
	(1) (2) (3)	char ch int number float *fptr
7-4	‘&’ and '*' operators
	(1) (2)	& '*'
7-5 7-6 7-7	Pointer and one-dimensional arrays Pointer and two-dimensional array Dynamic memory allocation
		Allocating a block of memory Freeing the used space Modifying block size
7-8 7-9 7-10	Operations on pointers Pointer and functions Functions returning pointers Exercises Top>>

2-1 2-2	Introduction Arithmetic operators
		Precedence of Arithmetic operators
2-3	Unary operators
	(1) (2) (3)	Unary Minus Increment operator and decrement operator Size of operator
		Precedence of Unary operators
2-4	Relational operators
		Precedence of Relational operator
2-5	Equality operators
		Precedence of equality operators
2-6	Logical operators
	(1) (2) (3)	AND Operator OR Operator NOT Operator
		Precedence of logical operators
2-7	Assignment operators
	(1)	= : assign the value Difference between Assignment Operator (=) and Equality Operator (= =)
	(2)	+ =, - =, * =, /= and %= : add then assign, subtract then assign, multiply then assign, divide then assign and evaluate remainder then assign
2-8 2-9 2-10	Conditional operator Precedence of operators Library functions
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Input / Output Operation For Operation on character For operation on string For Arithmetic operations
2-11	Type conversion
		Type conversion in assignments
2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19	Input – output functions Getcharacter function Putcharacter function Scanf function Printf function Getstring function Putstring function Field – width
		Rules for field-width
2-20	Typical programs Exercises Top>>

3-1	Introduction
	(1) (2)	Condition checking Body of the loop
3-2	If statement
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Simple if statement if...... else statement Compound if statement Nested if......else statement else if ladder
3-3	For loop
	(1) (2) (3)	Initialization Condition checking Increment / Decrement
		Nesting of for loops Programs of nested for loop
3-4	While loop
		Nesting of while loop
3-5	Do – while loop
	(1) (2)	for and do – while while and do – while
		Nesting of do – while loop
3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12	The switch statement Break statement Exit function Continue statement Goto statement Gotoxy function Special programs Exercises Top>>

8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12	Introduction Structure declaration Dot operator How to give values to structure members? Structure initialization Using unary operators with structures Using assignment operator with structure Array of structures Arrays within structures Structures within structures – nested structure Structures and functions Structures and pointers
		How pointers to structure variables declare? How a structure is accessed using its pointer?
8-13 8-14 8-15	Typedef feature of ‘C’ Unions Typical programs
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Structure time gettime( ) kbhit( ) delay( )
	Exercises Top>>

9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4	Introduction Opening a file Closing a data-file File input/output functions
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)	putc( ) function getc( ) function fputc( ) function fgetc function fputs( ) function fgets( ) function putw( ) function getw function fwrite function fread function fprintf function fscanf function
9-5 9-6 9-7	Opening a file in append mode A program to copy a file Error handling during file I/O operation
	(1) (2)	feof function ferror function
9-8	Movement of file pointer
	(1) (2) (3)	fseek function ftell( ) function rewind function
	Exercises Top>>

10-1 10-2	Introduction Needs for object oriented programming
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Procedural languages Division into functions Problems with structured programming Data undervalued Relationship to the real world New data types
10-3 10-4	Object Oriented Approach Characteristics of OOP language
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Classes and objects Data abstraction and encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism and overloading Creating new data types
10-5	Something about C++
	(1) (2)	cout – output operator cin – input operator
10-6	Examples on C++ Exercises Top>>

APPENDIX A	Flowchart and Algorithm
	A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8	Introduction Algorithm Characteristics Flowchart Flowchart symbols Computer flowcharting symbols Arithmetic operators and comparators Typical flowcharts
APPENDIX B	BIT operators
	B-1 B-2 B-3	Introduction Bitwise operators Bitwise logical operators
		(1) (2) (3)	Bitwise AND operator Bitwise OR operator Bitwise exclusive OR
	B-4	Bitwise shift operators
		(1) (2)	Left shift operator Right shift operators
	B-5	Bitwise complement operator
APPENDIX C	ASCII character set table
	C-1 C-2 C-3	Control character set Printing character set Extended ASCII character set
APPENDIX D APPENDIX E	Operators precedence table Standard library functions
	E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12	alloc.h conio.h ctype.h dir.h dos.h io.h graphics.h math.h stdio.h stdlib.h String.h time.h Top>>