THERMAL ENGINEERING Vol. I [THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT ENGINES] by Dr. S. S. Khandare

The book has Sixteen chapters. The key feature of the book are:

Chapter   1 and  2 deals with Applied Thermodynamics
Chapter   3 deals with Steam and Steam Cycles
Chapter   4   to  6 contains Boilers
Chapter   7 and 8 deals with Fuel and Draught
Chapter   9 consist of the study of Steam Engine and Testing
Chapter 10 and 11 deals with Steam Nozzle and Turbine
Chapter 12 discussing topic on Condenser
Chapter 13 and 14 contains topics on I. C. Engines Theory and Testing
Chapter 15 Gas Turbine
Chapter 16 Air Pollution and Control.

The book within its 928 pages it comprrise the following

Chapter 1   : INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2   : THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS AND CYCLES

Chapter 3   : PROPERTIES OF STEAM AND STEAM CYCLE

Chapter 4   : STEAM BOILERS

Chapter 5   : BOILER MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES

Chapter 6   : TESTING AND PERFORMANCE OF BOILER

Chapter 7   : DRAUGHT

Chapter 8   : FUELS AND COMBUSTION

Chapter 9   : STEAM ENGINE AND TESTING

Chapter 10 : STEAM NOZZLE

Chapter 11 : STEAM TURBINE

Chapter 12 : CONDENSER

Chapter 13 : INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Chapter 14 : TESTING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Chapter 15 : GAS TURBINE

Chapter 16 : AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL

Appendix A : SHORT QUESTIONS FOR VIVA-VOCE

Appendix B : STEAM TABLES WITH MOLLIER DIAGRAM

Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

1-1 1-2 1-2-1 1-2-2 1-2-3 1-2-4 1-2-5 1-2-6 1-2-7 1-2-8 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6	Thermal engineering Areas of thermal engineering Heat engines Energy sources Refrigeration and air-conditioning Heat and mass transfer Fuel and combustion system Compressor and blowers Cryogenic Jet propulsion Engineering thermodynamics Working fluids and thermodynamic system Thermodynamic state and thermodynamic process System of units
	(i) (ii)	SI system Metric system
1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-13-1 1-13-2 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-16-1 1-16-2 1-16-3 1-16-4 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-21 1-22	Units of length, area and volume Specific volume Units of mass Units of force Units of work and power Units of energy Measurements of properties of fluid Pressure Temperature Zeroth law of thermodynamics Temperature measurement Pyrometers Thermo-electric pyrometer Radiation pyrometer Optical pyrometer Pyrometric cone or Seger cone pyrometer Absolute temperature scale and Absolute zero NTP (normal temperature pressure) and STP (standard temperature pressure) conditions Volume Work Heat Properties of substances Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 2 : THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS AND CYCLES

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15	Perfect gas Vapour Boyle’s law Charles’ law Combination of laws of boyle and charles Vander waal's equation Units of R Universal gas constant Avogadro’s law Enthalpy Entropy Intensive and extensive properties Thermodynamic system Law of conservation of energy First law of thermodynamics
	(a)	For a closed system which has passed through a cycle, the first law of thermodynamics states
	(b)	For a closed system which has been conducted through a non-flow process, the first law of thermodynamics states
2-16 2-16-1 2-16-2 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23	Concepts of the second law of thermodynamics Kelvin-plank statement Clausius statement Specific heats of a gas Ratio of specific heats Relation between the two specific heats of a gas and the specific gas constant Expansion and compression of gases Point and path functions Process Constant volume process
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)	Representation on P-V and T-f diagram Work done during the process Relation between P, V and T Change of internal energy Heat transferred Change in enthalpy Change in entropy
2-24	Constant pressure process
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)	Representation on P-V and T-f diagram Work done during the process Relation between P, V and T Change of internal energy Transferred heat Change in enthalpy Change in entropy
2-25	Isothermal process
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)	Representation on P-V and T-f diagram Work done during the isothermal process Relation between P, V and T Change in internal energy Transferred heat Change in enthalpy Change of entropy
2-26	Isentropic process
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)	Law of isentropic process Representation on P-V and T-f diagram Work done during the process Relation between P, V and T Change in internal energy Transferred heat Change in enthalpy Change in entropy
2-27	Polytropic process
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)	Relation for polytropic processes Expression for work done The relation between P, V and T Change in internal energy Transferred heat Change in enthalpy Change in entropy
2-28 2-29 2-30 2-31 2-32 2-32-1 2-32-2 2-32-3 2-33 2-34 2-35 2-36 2-37 2-38 2-39 2-40 2-41 2-42 2-43 2-44	Determination of the index of expansion or compression Comparison of work done by a gas during expansion for various processes Mean effective pressure Summary of equations for gas processes Other important processes Hyperbolic expansion Free expansion Throttling process Gas tables Approximation for heat absorbed Typical examples Reversibility Air standard cydes Heat machine Useful work Efficiency of cycle Air Standard Efficiency of cycle Assumptions in thermodynamic cycles Thermodynamic cycles Carnot cycle
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Isothermal expansion Isentropic expansion Isothermal compression Isentropic compression
2-45 2-46 2-47 2-48 2-49 2-50 2-51 2-52 2-53 2-54 2-55 2-56	Otto cycle Mean effective pressure Diesel cycle Dual combustion cycle Stirling cycle Ericsson cycle Brayton cycle Comparison of ideal cycles Reversed brayton cycle (Bell coleman cycle) Coefficient of performance (COP) flow processES Flow processes Flow Processes Steady flow energy equation
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Internal energy Kinetic energy Potential energy Flow work Work Heat
2-57 2-58 2-59	Control volume and flow work Flow work of steady flow system Applications of steady-flow energy equation
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)	Steam turbines Boilers Heat exchangers Nozzles Throttle valves Reciprocating compressor Gas turbine Water turbine Centrifugal compressor Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 3 : PROPERTIES OF STEAM AND STEAM CYCLE

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6	Properties of steam vapour and steam Conservation of form Phase diagram Effect of pressure on the boiling point of water Temperature-pressure curve for steam Generation of one kg of steam at a given pressure from water initially at 0°C
	(1) (2) (3)	Introducing stage Warming stage Evaporating stage
3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21	Conditions of steam Saturated steam Dry saturated steam and wet steam Superheated steam Supersaturated steam Properties of steam Dryness fraction of saturated steam Use of steam tables Sensible heat Latent heat of vaporization Enthalpy of wet steam Enthalpy of superheated steam Specific volume of steam Internal energy of steam Entropy of vapours
	(1) (2) (3)	Entropy of water Entropy of evaporation Entropy of superheated steam
3-22 3-23 3-24 3-25	Temperature–entropy diagram Heat entropy chart (mollier chart) Pressure-enthalpy chart Heating and expansion of vapours
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Constant volume process Constant pressure process Constant temperature (Isothermal) process Hyperbolic (PV = constant) process Polytropic process Reversible adiabatic or Isentropic process Throttling process
3-26 3-27 3-28 3-29 3-30 3-31 3-32 3-33 3-34	Methods of determination of dryness fraction of steam Bucket Calorimeter Separating Calorimeter Throttling Calorimeter Combined Separating and Throttling Calorimeter Typical Examples Steam cycle Steam cycle Carnot cycle Rankine cycle
	(1) (2) (3)	When steam is wet before and after expansion When steam is dry before expansion and wet after expansion When steam is superheated before expansion and wet after expansion
3-35 3-36 3-37	Comparison of Rankine and Carnot cycles on temperature-entropy diagram Work done during Rankine cycle on pressure-volume diagram Modified Rankine cycle Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 4 : STEAM BOILERS

4-1 4-2 4-3	Functions of boiler Classification of boilers Terms commonly employed in connection with boilers
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Shell Settings Grate Furnace Water space and Steam space Heating surface
4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-13-1 4-13-2 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-19-1 4-19-2 4-19-3 4-19-4 4-19-5 4-19-6 4-19-7	Lancashire boiler Construction of lancashire boilers Cornish boiler Multi-tubular fire tube boilers Horizontal return tubular boilers Locomotive boiler Vertical boilers Cochran boiler Construction of cochran boiler Scotch marine fire-tube boiler Construction of scotch marine fire-tube boiler Water tube boilers Babcock and wilcox water tube boiler Construction of babcock and wilcox type boiler Settings for the babcock and wilcox boiler Stirling boiler (Bent tube type water tube boiler) Integral furnace boiler Waste heat boilers Super critical Boilers Boiler specifications Fluidized bed combustions boilers (FBC) Pulverized coal firing system Pulverized fuel Advantages of pulverized fuels Disadvantages of stroker firing system Fluidized bed combustion Advantages of FBC boilers Classification of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boilers
	(a) (b) (c) (d)	Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion type (Bubbling) Pressurized fluidized bed combustion type Atmospheric circulating fluidized bed combustion Pressurised circulating fluidized bed combustion
4-20 4-20-1 4-20-2 4-20-3 4-21 4-21-1 4-21-2 4-22 4-22-1 4-22-2 4-22-3 4-23 4-23-1 4-23-2 4-23-3 4-23-4 4-23-5 4-24	Thermal efficiency of FBC boiler Unburnt fuel in flue gases Sensible heat in flue gases Surface radiation losses Pulverized fuel handling systems Unit system Central or bin system Pulverized fuel burners Long flame or U-flame or streamlined burners Short flame or turbulent burner Tangential burners Modern boilers La mont boiler Benson boiler Loeffler boiler Schmidt-hartmann boiler Velox boiler Advantages of high pressure boilers Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 5 : BOILER MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES

5-1 5-2 5-2-1 5-2-2 5-2-3 5-2-4 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-14-1 5-14-2 5-14-3 5-14-4 5-15 5-15-1 5-16 5-17 5-17-1 5-17-2 5-18 5-19

Boiler mountings Safety valves Dead weight safety valve Spring loaded safety valve Lever loaded safety valve High steam and low water safety valve Water level indicators Pressure gauge Attachment for inspector’s test gauge Steam stop valve Feed check valve Blow-off cock Manhole Fusible plug Boiler accessories Economizers Air pre-heaters Superheaters Methods of superheating steam Methods of control of superheat Smooth tube hairpin type superheater Multiple loop superheaters Feed pumps Duplex feed pump Steam drier or separator Steam trap Expansion trap Bucket or float steam trap Injectors Pressure reducing valve Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 6 : TESTING AND PERFORMANCE OF BOILER

6-1 6-2 6-3 6- 4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20 6-21 6-22 6-23 6-24	Feed water Steam Fuel Duration of boiler test Flue gas sampling Flue gas temperature measurement Air Draught External heat losses from boiler and brick work Auxiliary plant Air infiltration and by-passing Performance test Thermal efficiency of boiler Evaporation Evaporation ratio Boiler performance Equivalent evaporation Reference standards Direct method of testing Indirect method of testing Measurements required for direct method of testing Boiler efficiency Indirect method of testing Measurement of parameters
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Flue gas analysis Flow meter measurement Temperature measurement Pressure measurement Water condition
6-25 6-26	Calculation of boiler efficiency by indirect method Heat losses in boiler
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Heat loss due to dry flue gas Heat loss due to evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel Heat loss due to moisture present in fuel Heat loss due to moisture present in air Heat loss due to incomplete combustion Heat loss due to radiation and convection Heat loss due to unburnt in flyash Heat loss due to unburnt in bottom ash
6-27 6-28 6-28-1 6-28-2	Boiler heat balance Boiler trial Objective of a boiler trial Plant
	(a) (b) (c)	Line diagram of a plant Energy equation and energy stream diagram Description of plant and method of testing
6-28-3 6-28-4 6-28-5 6-28-6 6-29	Report sheet on boiler trial Specimen set of calculations Graphical representation of results Conclusions and criticisms Boiler house instruments
	(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)	Coal meter Water meter Steam meter Temperature measurement CO2 recorder Draught gauges
6-30	Boiler house records Economic analysis
	(a)	Boiler plant efficiency and boiler efficiency
6-31	Typical examples Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 7 : DRAUGHT

7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10	Definition of draught Classification of draught Functions of a chimney Natural draught Determination of a height of a chimney to produce a given total static draught Condition for maximum discharge through a chimney Efficiency of a chimney Draught losses Artificial draught Mechanical draught
	(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)	Increase in evaporative power of a boiler Capability of consuming low grade fuel Easy control of combustion and evaporation Prevention of smoke Improved efficiency of the plant Reduction of chimney height
7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14 7-14-1 7-14-2 7-15 7- 16	Induced draught Forced draught Balanced draught Power required to drive a fan Power required for forced draught fan Power required for an induced draught fan Steam jet draught Draught gauges Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 8 : FUELS AND COMBUSTION

8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-13-1 8-13-2 8-14	Fuels Classification of fuels Solid fuels Liquid fuels Hydrocarbons Gaseous fuels Calorific value of fuels Theoretical determination of calorific value of fuel Calorific value of gaseous fuels Experimental determination of calorific value of a fuel Bomb calorimeter Calorific value of liquid fuels Calorific value of gaseous fuels Gas calorimeters Boy’s gas calorimeter Junker’s gas calorimeter Alternative fuels
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	LPG (Liquified petroleum gas) CNG (Compressed natural gas) Alcohols Hydrogen Vegetable oils Bio-diesel Gas to liquid fuels Gobar gas
8-15 8-15-1 8-15-2 8-15-3 8-15-4 8-16 8-17 8-18 8-19 8-20 8-21 8-22 8-22-1 8-22-2 8-22-3 8-22-4 8-23 8-24 8-25 8-26 8-26-1 8-26-2	Combustion Combustion of a fuel Combustion of carbon Combustion of carbon monoxide Combustion of hydrogen Combustion of sulphur Stoichiometric air–fuel ratio Excess air Determination of the flue gas analysis by mass and by volume Determination of air supplied from volumetric analysis of flue gases Determination of air leakage in boiler flues Determination of the quantity of air supplied per kg of fuel from the analysis of             flue gases when given by mass Chemically correct air fuel ratio Combustion of hydrogen Combustion of carbon monoxide Combustion of marsh gas Excess air coefficient Determination of flue gas analysis by volume and by mass in case of gaseous fuel Determination of quantity of air supplied per m3 of gas from dry flue gas analysis in case of gaseous fuels Calculation of heat losses Exhaust gas analysis Conventional method Modern methods
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Gas chromatography Non-destructive infra red analyzer (NDIR) Flame ionization detector (FID) Measurement of smoke
8-27	Determination of air-fuel ratio with the help of dry flue gas analysis
	(a) (b)	Carbon balance Hydrogen balance
	Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 9 : STEAM ENGINE AND TESTING

9-1 9-2	Introduction Classification
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	By position of the axis of the cylinder By the action of steam on the piston By the number of cylinders in which the steam expands By the method of exhausting steam By the valve gears used By the speed of rotation By the applications
9-3	Parts of a simple steam engine
	(1) (2) (3)	Stationary parts Moving Parts Valve gears
9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-15-1 9-15-2 9-16	Function of steam engine parts Terms connected with steam engines Working of a steam engine Hypothetical indicator diagram Construction of hypothetical indicator diagram Determination of mean effective pressure Work done in a steam engine cylinder during in hypothetical cycle Actual indicator diagram and diagram factor Determination of “Theoretical indicated power” Indicator Steam consumption Missing quantity Causes of missing quantity Means of reducing cylinder condensation Efficiencies
	(1) (2) (3)	Indicated thermal efficiency Mechanical efficiency hm Brake thermal efficiency
9-17 9-18 9-19 9-20 9-21 9-22 9-23 9-24	Steam engine governors Flywheel Compound steam Engines Advantages of compounding of steam engine Classification of compound engines Terms used in connection with compound engines Mean effective pressure referred to the L.P. cylinder Estimation of cylinder dimensions (two cylinder compound engine)
	(1) (2) (3)	Compound engine with full expansion Compound engines with incomplete expansion in L.P. cylinder Compound engine with incomplete expansion in both cylinders
9-25 9-26	Triple and quadruple expansion engines Governing of compound engines
	(1) (2) (3)	Varying cut-off in H.P. cylinder Varying cut-off in L.P. cylinder Throttling of steam supply to H.P. cylinder
9-27 9-28 9-29	Uniflow engines Purpose of engine trials Trial procedure
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Power developed Energy supply Energy balance Efficiency ratio
9-30 9-30-1 9-30-2	The brake power and its measurements Brake power Measurement of brake power
	(a) (b)	Prony brake Rope brake
9-31 9-32	Mechanical efficiency Report on simple steam engine trial
	(1) (2)	Object of trial Plant
		(a) (b) (c)	Line diagram of the plant Energy equation and diagram for the plant Description of plant and method of testing
	(3) (4) (5)	Specimen set of calculations for test Graphical representation of results Conclusions and criticisms
	Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 10 : STEAM NOZZLE

10-1 10-2	Introduction Types of nozzles
	(1) (2) (3)	Convergent nozzle Convegent-divergent nozzle Divergent nozzle
10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11	Mass flow rate Flow of wet steam Flow through steam nozzles Velocity of steam leaving nozzle Effect of friction in nozzle Friction loss Mass of steam discharged Critical pressure ratio Design of nozzle
	(1) (2)	Convergent nozzle Convergent divergent nozzle
10-12 10-13 10-14	Length of nozzle Velocity coefficient Sub-sonic and super-sonic flow
	(i) (ii)	Convergent nozzle Divergent nozzle
10-15 10-16 10-17	Supersaturated or metastable expansion of steam in the nozzle Wilson line Steam injector Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 11 : STEAM TURBINE

11-1 11-2	Simple steam turbine Introduction Types of steam turbines
	(1) (2) (3)	Impulse turbines Reaction turbine Impulse-reaction turbine
11-3	Classification of steam turbine
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Position of shaft Nature of steam supply Direction of steam flow Construction and arrangement of blades and wheels, and Number of stages
11-4 11-4-1 11-4-2 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9 11-9-1 11-9-2 11-9-3 11-10 11-11 11-12 11-13 11-14 11-15 11-16 11-17 11-18 11-18-1 11-19	Impulse turbine Velocity diagram of steam turbine Forces on the blade and work done Effect of blade friction on velocity diagram Blade speed ratio Single stage impulse turbine maximum efficiency relation Simple De–Laval turbine Multi-stage steam turbine Methods of reducing rotor speed or compounding of stages Velocity–compounded impulse turbine Efficiency of a velocity-compounded turbine Velocity diagram for axial discharge Pressure-compounded impulse turbine Pressure–velocity compounded impulse turbine Parson's reaction turbine Velocity diagram for reaction turbine Degree of reaction Condition for maximum efficiency Height of blades for reaction turbine Re-heat factor Re-heating process Advantages of re-heating Regenerative feed heating or bleeding process
	(i) (ii)	When the bled steam does not mix with feed water or cascade system When bled steam is mixed with feed water on drain pump system
11-20 11-20-1 11-20-2 11-20-3 11-21 11-22	Steam turbine governing Throttle governing Nozzle control governing By–pass governing Erosion of turbine blades Advantages of steam turbine over gas turbine Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 12 : CONDENSER

12-1 12-2 12-3	Function of condenser Type of condensers Jet condensers
	(a) (b) (c)	Low level jet condenser High level jet condenser or Barometric condenser Ejector condenser
12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8	Surface condenser Central flow type condenser Evaporative condenser Reasons for inefficiency in surface condenser Air leakage in condenser
	(1) (2) (3)	Sources of air leakage in the condenser Prevention of air leakage in the condenser Detection of air leakage in the condenser
12-9 12-10 12-11	Vacuum Effect of air in a condenser Methods for obtaining maximum vacuum in condenser
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Air pump Steam air ejector De-aerated feed water Air tight joints
12-12 12-13 12-14 12-15 12-16 12-17 12-18	Vacuum efficiency Coefficient of performance or efficiency of surface condenser Determination of circulating water required in condenser Heat transmission in tubes Cooling towers Condenser efficiency Air pump
	(1) (2)	Dry air pump Wet air pump
12-18-1	Types of pump
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Reciprocating piston or bucket pump Rotary dry air pump Steam operated air ejector Water jet pumps
12-19 12-20 12-21	Steam jet air ejector Modern air ejector plant Exhaust connections Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 13 : INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5	Introduction Applications Basic operation of I.C. engine Classification of I.C. engines Terms connected with I.C. engine
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)	Bore Stroke Top dead center (TDC) Bottom dead center (BDC) Clearance volume Swept volume Total volume Compression ratio Piston speed
13-6	Parts of I.C. engines
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)	Cylinder Cylinder head Piston Piston rings Piston pin or gudgeon pin Connecting rod Crankshaft Bearings Crank case Flywheel Governor Valves and valve gear system
13-7 13-8	Construction of I.C. engines I.C. engine cycles
		Otto cycle Diesel cycle
13-9 13-10 13-11 13-11-1 13-11-2 13-12 13-13 13-14 13-15	Four stroke cycle engine principle Valve-timing diagram Two stroke cycle engine Port type engine Reed valve Comparison of two stroke cycle and four stroke cycle engines Compression ignition engines Fuel pump and injector Combustion chambers
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Piston Crown Cylinder head Pre-combustion chamber Energy cell
13-16 13-17	Spark ignition engines Carburettor
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Main metering system Idling system Starting system or choke Compensating jet Acceleration pump Economiser
13-17-1 13-18 13-19 13-20 13-21 13-22 13-23 13-24 13-25 13-26 13-27 13-28 13-29 13-30 13-31 13-32	Fuel pump for petrol engine Ignition system Spark plug Ignition advance mechanism Magneto ignition system Electronic ignition system Capacitor discharge system Advantages of breakerless electronic ignition system Electronic fuel injection system for petrol engines Advantages and disadvantages of C.I. engine over S.I. engine Comparison of S.I. and C.I. engine Lubrication in I.C. Engine Coefficient of friction Viscosity Properties of a lubricant Tests of lubricants
	(1)	Physical tests
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)	Viscosity Flash-and fire point tests Volatility Cold test Emulsification Specific gravity Colour and fluorescence
	(2)	Chemical tests
		(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)	Acidity Oxidation and gumming Insoluble residue Oiliness
13-33 13-34 13-35	Mechanical testing of a lubricant Thurston oil testing machine Methods of Lubrication
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	The forced type feed system The gravity type feed system Drop feed oiler Ring or Chain type feed system Wick type lubricator Splash type feed system
13-36 13-37 13-38 13-39 13-40 13-41 13-41-1 13-41-2 13-41-3 13-42 13-43 13-44 13-45 13-46 13-47 13-48 13-49 13-49-1 13-49-2 13-50	Oil filter Lubrication of an I.C. engine Closed crankcase engines Lubrication of the horizontal engines Types of lubrication system Wet sump lubrication system Splash system Semi-pressurised system Pressurised lubrication system Dry sump lubrication system Mist lubrication system Cooling system Air cooling system Water cooling system Combustion in SI and C.I. engine Normal combustion in S.I. engine Abnormal combustion in S.I. engine Pre-ignition Detonation or knocking Factor affective detonation or knocking
	(1) (2) (3)	Compression ratio Speed of the engine Quality of fuel
13-51 13-52 13-53 13-54 13-55 13-56	Highest useful compression ratio (HUCR) Octane number Performance number Normal combustion in C.I. engine Abnormal combustion in C.I. engine Factor affecting combustion in C.I. engine
	(1) (2) (3)	Compression ratio Speed of the engine Quality of fuel
13-57 13-58 13-59 13-60 13-61 13-62 13-63 13-64	Centane number Scavenging Supercharging of I.C. engines Firing order of the engine Methods of starting I.C. engines Gas engines Dual-fuel engines Governing of I.C. engines
	(i) (ii) (iii)	Hit and miss method of governing Quality governing Quantity governing
13-65	Gas producer Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 14 : TESTING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

14-1 14-2 14-3	Introduction Testing of constant speed internal combustion engines according to Indian Standard Performance test accoraing to Indian Standard
		Power testing Speed testing Frictional power Fuel consumption
14-4	Measurement of speed
	(1) (2) (3)	Tachometer Stroboscope Sensor
		(i) (ii)	Photo-electric pick-up Magnetic pickup
14-5 14-6	Measurement of power Indicated power
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Engine indicator Measurement of indicated power by morse test Willian line method Motoring test CRT method
14-7 14-8	Brake power Types of dynamometer
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)	Rope brake dynamometer Band brake dynamometer Pony brake dynamometer Hydraulic dynamometer Electric dynamometer
14-9 14-10 14-11-1 14-11-2 14-12 14-13 14-14 14-15 14-15-1 14-15-2 14-16 14-17	Mechanical efficiency Measurement of air consumption Viscous air flow meter Air box meter Volumetric efficiency Fuel consumption Specific fuel consumption Thermal efficiency Indicated thermal efficiency Brake thermal efficiency Effect of parameter on efficiency Effect of various parameters on thermal efficiency
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)	Mixture strength Compression ratio Engine speed Throttle opening Valve timing Ignition timing Nature of fuel employed Dimension of engine Combustion chamber design Inlet charge temperature Cylinder temperature
14-18	Effect of parameters on volumetric efficiency
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Engine speed Compression ratio Inlet charge temperature Mixture strength
14-19 14-20 14-21 14-22 14-23 14-24	Testing of engine Specimen set of calculations for test Graphical representation of results Conclusions and criticisms Exhaust gas calorimeter Engine performance curves Objective questions Top>>

Chapter 15 : GAS TURBINE

15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4	Introduction Advantages of gas turbines over reciprocating internal combustion engines Advantages of gas turbine over steam turbine Applications of gas turbines
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Supercharging Turbojet and turbopropeller engines Marine field Railway Road transport Electric power generation Industry
15-5 15-5-1 15-5-2 15-6 15-7 15-8 15-9 15-9-1 15-9-2 15-10 15-11 15-12 15-13	Types of gas turbines Constant volume or explosion type Constant pressure or continuous combustion type turbine Fuel in gas turbines Air standard cycle for gas turbine Work ratio Classification of gas turbine cycles Open cycle Closed cycle gas turbine Working medium Advantages of closed cycle gas turbines Effect of friction or actual process Types of compressors
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Centrifugal compressors Axial compressor Vane type Root air blower
15-14 15-15 15-16 15-17 15-18 15-19 15-20 15-21 15-22 15-22-1 15-22-2 15-23	Use of heat exchanger Effectiveness of heat exchanger Intercooling and reheating Representation of various gas turbine cycles on T–F diagram Pressure losses in the system Semiclosed cycle gas turbine Turbo-charging Combined cycle power plant Co-generation Topping cycle Bottoming cycle Erosion in gas turbine Top>>

Chapter 16 : AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL

16-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5	Introduction Automotive air pollution Climatic effect Types of air pollution Sources of automotive air pollution
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Fuel tank losses Carburettor losses Crank case emissions Exhaust emission
16-6 16-7 16-8 16-8-1 16-8-2 16-8-3 16-8-4 16-8-5 16-8-6 16-9 16-10	Harmful constituents of exhaust gas Public health risk Study of emissions Causes and process of formation of pollutants Unburned hydrocarbon Nitrogen oxide Carbon mono-oxide Engine particulate emissions Lead compounds Laws of automotive air pollution Emisson control techniques
	(1) (2) (3)	Engine design modification Maintenance of engine Use of external devices
16-11	Engine design modification
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Use of lean A/F mixture Modification of combustion chamber Alteration in induction system Modifications in exhaust port Use reed valve engine Electronic control system Use of gaseous fuel Fuel additives
16-12 16-13 16-14 16-15 16-16 16-17 16-18 16-19 16-20 16-21 16-22 16-23 16-24 16-25 16-26 16-27 16-28 16-29 16-29-1 16-29-2 16-30 16-31 16-32	Using external devices Water injection system Air injection system Thermal reactor Ammonia injection Exhaust gas recirculator (EGR) Catalytic convertor system Pollution control in thermal power stations Dust collection and its disposal Type of gas cleaning devices Gravitational separators Centrifugal separator Inertia type Scrubbing dust collector Filter type dust separator Electrostatic precipitator Ash handling system Hydraulic ash handling system Low velocity system High velocity system Pneumatic ash handling system Steam jet system Ash disposal and their uses
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Vacuum extraction plant Water ejector system Steam ejector system Mechanical conveyors
16-33	Combustion control Top>>

Appendix A : SHORT QUESTIONS FOR VIVA-VOCE

Appendix B : STEAM TABLES WITH MOLLIER DIAGRAM