Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory Manual

The aim to prepare this manual to understand fundamental principles, concepts and significance of various experiments as per existing laboratory experimental practice and evaluation procedure in the subject fluid mechanics and fluid machinery.

The manual explains the procedure for various experiments including principle, apparatus, experimental set up, handling of apparatus, range and accuracy of observations, model calculation, engineering significance, practical applications for each experiment in fluid mechanics and fluid machinery.

This manual also gives comprehensive view about how to perform various experiments, how to presentation of experiment results in the form of laboratory report and how to evaluate performance of a student in the laboratory and how to implement experiment results in field. Also it provides to the students the essential information required to understand fundamental concepts, to carry out the experiment and to implement the experiment results in the field. It improves skills in experimentation, presentation and implement of experimental results in the field.

It will help to take accurate observations and analysis of experimental results. Question bank given in separate chapter is useful to students for better understanding concepts and answering viva questions.

This manual also provides necessary valuable information regarding planning and maintenance of Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory, which helps to the faculty members in setting their own fluid mechanics and machinery laboratory.

This book also contains some other useful information like, SI and conversion table, physical properties units of water, air and common liquids, dimensionless number and various graphs related to viscosity, friction factors and discharge.

Student’s performance evaluation procedure has also been discussed in a separate chapter, which is very useful for teachers.

It is hoped that the book will satisfy the needs of the Engineering students preparing for the Degree examinations of almost all the Indian Universities, Diploma examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional Examinations. It should also be of an immense help to the practicing Engineers.

Price	:	Rs. 125-00
Edition	:	First Edition : 2008
ISBN	:	978-81-85594-76-7
Book Size	:	170 mm × 240 mm
Binding	:	Paperback with Four Colour Jacket Cover
Pages	:	272 + 16

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7	Introduction to fluid mechanics Technological developments in fluid mechanics Objectives of fluid mechanics and machinery laboratory Purpose and organization of laboratory manual Guidelines for students Guidelines for the preparation of laboratory observation book Guidelines for the preparation of a laboratory report
		Organization and contents Title or cover page of reports Contents of laboratory reports
		(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)	Aim Principle or concept Formulae Apparatus Experimental setup Procedure Observations and calculations
			(i) (ii)	Observations Sample calculations
		(8) (9) (10)	Graphical presentation of the experimental results Results and discussions Comments
1-8 1-9	Evaluation procedure for students performance in laboratory Nomenclature of fluid mechanics and machinery Top>>

3-1 3-1-1 3-1-2 3-1-3	Fluid properties and their significance in engineering practice Specific weight and mass density Specific gravity or relative density Viscosity
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Causes of viscosity Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity Effects of temperature and pressure on viscosity Effects of liquid constituents on viscosity Newton’s law of viscosity Practical application of viscosity
3-1-4	Surface tension
	(1) (2)	Effect of temperature Practical applications
3-1-5	Capillarity
		Practical examples
3-1-6	Vapour pressure
	(1) (2)	Cavitation and its impacts Remedial measures for cavitation
3-2 3-2-1 3-2-2 3-2-3	Buoyancy and flotation Buoyancy and buoyant force Archimedes principle (287 B.C. – 212 B.C) Stability of submerged and floating bodies
	(1)	Submerged bodies
3-2-4	Stability of floating bodies, metacentre and metacentric height
		Significance of metacentric height
3-2-5	Stability criteria for floating bodies
	(1) (2) (3)	Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
3-3	Different types of fluids
	Classification of fluids
		(1) Viscosity
			(i) (ii)	Ideal fluids Real fluids (Practical fluids)
		(2) Newton’s law of viscosity
			(i) (ii)	Newtonian fluids Non-newtonian fluids
		(3) Angle of contact and forces among molecules
			(i) (ii)	Wetting fluids Non-wetting fluids
		(4) Compressibility
			(i) (ii)	Compressible fluids Incompressible fluids
		(5) Various types of non-newtonian fluids and their properties
3-4	Different types of flow
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)	Steady and unsteady flow Uniform and non-uniform flow Laminar flow and turbulent flow Compressible flow and incompressible flow Ideal fluid flow and real fluid flow Rotational flow and Irrotational flow Pressure flow and gravity flow Free vortex flow and forced vortex flow
3-5 3-5-1 3-5-2	Basic laws of fluid mechanics and their applications Conservation of mass Newton’s second law of motion
		Application of Newton’s second law of motion in fluid mechanics
3-5-3 3-5-4	Principle of conservation of angular momentum: (law of conservation of moment of momentum) First law of thermodynamics
		Conservation of energy principle
3-5-5 3-5-6 3-5-7 3-6 3-6-1 3-6-2	Second law of thermodynamics Pascal’s Law for pressure at rest Pascal’s law of hydrostatic fluid pressure distribution Fundamental equations of fluid mecahnics Continuity equation Energy equation
	(1) (2) (3)	Bernoulli’s theorem Bernoulli’s equation for real fluid flow Bernoulli’s equation for fluid machinery
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Turbines Pumps Pumps and turbine
	(4) (5)	Limitations of bernoulli’s equation Application of bernoulli’s equation
3-6-3	Linear momentum equation
	(1) (2)	Statement Application of momentum equation
3-6-4	Angular momentum equation Application Top>>

4-1 4-2 4-2-1 4-2-2 4-2-3 4-3 4-3-1 4-3-2 4-4 4-4-1	Introduction Measurement of fluid properties Specific gravity and specific weight of a fluid Capillarity and surface tension Viscosity Measurement of water surface level Pointer gauge Float gauge Measurement of pressure, pressure head and pressure gradient Pressure at a point
	(1) (2) (3)	Absolute pressure Gauge pressure Atmospheric pressure
4-4-2	Pressure head of a fluid
	(1) (2)	Piezometric head of a fluid Pressure gradient
4-4-3 4-4-4	Measurement of pressure intensity Manometer
	(1) (2)	Manometric liquid Limitations of manometer
4-4-5	Mechanical gauges
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Bourdon tube pressure gauge Diaphragm pressure gauge Dead weight pressure gauge Pressure transducer
4-4-6 4-5 4-5-1 4-5-2	Precautions in pressure measurement Velocity measurement Floats Pitot tube
		Principle
4-5-3 4-5-4 4-5-5 4-5-6 4-5-7 4-6 4-6-1	Pitot static tube Current meter Hot-wire anemometer and hot film anemometer Laser doppler anemometer The salt velocity method Measurement of discharge Gravity flow
	(1) (2) (3) (4)	Tanks and reservoirs Gravimetric method (weight measurement) Volumetric method Open channel
4-6-2	Pressure flow
	(1)	Bernoulli type devices
4-7 4-7-1	Measurement of head losses Major energy losses
	(1) (2)	Darcy-weisbach equation Evaluation of friction factor
			Moody's diagram
4-7-2	Minor loss of energy Top>>

5-1 5-2	Hydraulic machines Turbines
		Classification of turbines
5-2-1	Pelton wheel
		Working of pelton wheel
5-2-2	Francis turbine
		Operation of francis turbine
5-2-3	Kaplan turbine
		Working of kaplan turbine
5-2-4	Turbines performance and selection
	(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)	Specific speed Significance of specific speed Unit quantities and characteristics curves Main or constant head or variable speed characteristics curves Operating or constant speed curves Constant efficiency curves
5-2-5 5-3 5-3-1	Selection of turbine Hydraulic pumps Reciprocating pump
	(1) Working principle of reciprocating pump (2) Performance of reciprocating pumps
		(i) (ii)	Operating characteristic curves Variable speed characteristics curves
5-3-2	Centrifugal pump
	(1) (2)	Working of a centrifugal pump Characteristics curves of centrifugal pump
		(i) (ii) (iii)	Main characteristics Operating speed performance Constant efficiency curves
5-3-3	Multi-stage centrifugal pump Top>>